Renaissance and Reformation Europe
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Course Introduction
This course explores the transformative period of Renaissance and Reformation in Europe, spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th centuries. Students will examine the profound cultural, intellectual, religious, and social changes that marked the transition from medieval to modern Europe. Key topics include the rediscovery of classical antiquity, the flourishing of visual arts and literature, humanism, scientific advancements, and the challenges to religious authority sparked by figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin. Through a combination of primary sources, scholarly analysis, and thematic discussions, the course investigates how the Renaissance and Reformation movements reshaped identities, institutions, and power structures across the continent.
Recommended Textbook
Making Europe The Story of the West 2nd Edition by Frank L. Kidner
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient
Near East,3000-1200 BCE
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Q1) Which of the following was NOT considered "women's work" in the gendered division of labor?
A) manufacturing tools
B) childcare
C) preserving or preparing food
D) scraping animal skins
E) gathering agriculture
Answer: A
Q2) Urbanization was the main focus of Egyptian living arrangements.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) In Sumerian representations,men with shaved heads were
A) lugals.
B) priests.
C) warriors.
D) viziers.
E) slaves.
Answer: B
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Q1) The majority of the Persian army were made from
A) Eunuchs who guarded the palace.
B) the Immortals who were the king's personal body guard.
C) captured prisoners of war who were forced to convert to Zoroastrianism.
D) remnants of the overthrown Assyrian military.
E) recruits specialized from diverse geographic regions in the empire.
Answer: E
Q2) Because the Arameans had a monopoly on overland trade,their language replaced Akkadian as the most common language in the Near East.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) One of the most significant developments of the Phoenicians was A) lateen sails.
B) democracy.
C) the alphabet.
D) cast iron technology.
E) monotheism.
Answer: C
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Q1) Which of the following is not a unique feature of Sparta?
A) It was located inland.
B) It did not participate in much trade.
C) It had a powerful navy.
D) It maintained kings long after most other poleis.
E) Its economy was primarily agricultural.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following would usually not be a citizen in a Greek polis?
A) a foreigner
B) a slave
C) someone not born in that particular polis
D) someone whose parents were not citizens
E) All of these
Answer: E
Q3) Greek women could inherit property.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: From Polis To Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic
World,387-30 BCE
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Q1) Greeks generally dismissed the Macedonians as barbarians because they A) were considered rude.
B) did not speak proper Greek.
C) did not contribute to the growth of Golden Age literature.
D) spent too much time hunting and drinking.
E) considered all of these to be true of the Macedonians.
Q2) In order to establish Greek presence in the territories he conquered,Alexander established
A) new colonies populated by retired soldiers
B) satrapies of deported Greeks.
C) freedom from slavery for any Greek who would move to his new cities.
D) trade agreements free of tariffs for Greek merchants
E) universities led by Greek philosophers.
Q3) Hippocrates believed that most illnesses were caused by diet or environment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What measures did Alexander take to try and create a unified empire?
Q5) Greeks provided uniform,organized resistance to Alexander's armies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome,753-27 BCE
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Q1) The greatest Roman virtue was considered to be
A) gravitas, or seriousness of mood.
B) modesty.
C) discipline.
D) pietas, or loyalty to family, friends, and state.
E) veritas, or honesty.
Q2) The major new change that Marius imparted to the army was
A) hiring soldiers from outlying provinces and making them citizens of Rome.
B) requiring that soldiers provide their own armor and horses.
C) freeing soldiers of the requirement of owning land.
D) reducing the term of service from twenty-five to ten years.
E) promising land and salaries, in the outlying provinces, to men who would serve in the army.
Q3) In which of the following ways were women in Rome better off than women in Greece?
A) They could work in a variety of jobs.
B) They could appear in public without a chaperone
C) They could serve in the military.
D) They could hold public office.
E) They were exempt from slavery.
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Q1) Which emperor initiated the first Christian persecution in 64 C.E.?
A) Trajan
B) Nero
C) Tiberius
D) Hadrian
E) Nerva
Q2) What accounts for changes in the population of slaves in the Roman Empire?
Q3) The primary source of information regarding the life of Jesus of Nazareth,as written in the New Testament,comes from
A) the Gospels.
B) the Acts of the Apostles.
C) Revelations.
D) Paul's Letter to the Corinthians.
E) oral tradition.
Q4) Caracalla granted citizenship to everyone,including slaves.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did Roman trade with those outside their empire bring benefit or decline to the Roman Empire?
Page 8
Q6) What was the significance of the Roman Peace and what did it accomplish?
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity,284-527
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Q1) The Visigoths in Spain adopted Roman Law.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Analyze the importance of the Council of Nicaea,including why it was called that to begin with.
Q3) Constantine's best effort to end financial problems was to
A) issue the donatives annually instead of every five years.
B) increase taxation among the provinces.
C) demand that the military supply its own weapons.
D) change the empire to a gold standard based on solidus instead of denarii.
E) demand the payment of taxes in gold as well as produce.
Q4) Religious hermits who initially lived alone in spiritual contemplation were known as A) abbots.
B) ascetics.
C) deacons.
D) monks.
E) zealots.
Q5) What role did the coloni play in the Late Empire? How did their social standing change,and was the change entirely negative?
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Q1) The Seljuk Turks moved in to attack the Byzantines and as a result the Byzantine Empire lost its core territory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What limitations or opportunities did Islam provide for women in this time period?
Q3) With the spread of Islam,converts had to learn Arabic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How do Islam and Christianity differ in political,religious,and social terms?
Q5) Contracts were increasingly used to settle issues of A) trading.
B) family property.
C) marriage.
D) inheritance.
E) All of these.
Q6) What measures did Heraclius take to restore the strength of the Byzantine Empire?
Q7) What factors account for the rapid spread of Islam in the seventh and eighth centuries?
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Chapter 9: The Kingdoms of Western Europe,500-1000
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Q1) The Donation of Constantine was
A) when Constantine donated the Papal States to the bishopric of Rome.
B) a statement that Constantine allegedly made, empowering the pope to rule over both church and state in the West.
C) a forged document that transferred authority from Constantine to Silvester in the fourth century.
D) a promise by Constantine to maintain the most magnificent cathedral in Christendom in Constantinople.
E) a promise of land to all the church dioceses to make all of them equal under the law.
Q2) The Magyars settled in which area?
A) Eastern England
B) Kievan Rus
C) Southeastern Europe
D) Northern France
E) Sicily
Q3) Why were the Vikings so problematic for western Europe?
Q4) How did Otto I effectively centralize his authority and solidify his empire?
Q5) Explain the significance of the Treaty of Verdun.
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Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages,1000-1300
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Q1) All of the following were effects of the Crusades except
A) raising hostility with the Muslim world.
B) re-opening long distance trade to Western Europe.
C) stimulation of banking techniques
D) growth of literacy
E) legitimating violence against non-Christians.
Q2) Discuss the military affiliations of the Church and its personnel in the Middle Ages,and the circumstances that gave rise to them.
Q3) The Fourth Crusade in 1204 successfully conquered Jerusalem.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How did the Capetian dynasty in particular engage in the centralization of authority?
Q5) Simony,a charge of corruption leveled against the church,consisted of
A) not maintaining sexual purity.
B) picking family members to be church officials.
C) buying and selling of key church positions.
D) lending money at interest.
E) not adhering to the Benedictine standards.
Q6) How did the rise of commercialism in Western Europe affect labor specialization?
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Chapter 11: Reversals and Disasters,1300-1450
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Q1) The English initially succeeded in the Hundred Years' War with a victory at A) Crécy.
B) Poitiers.
C) Calais.
D) Agincourt.
E) Rouen.
Q2) All of the following contributed to the growth of trade in the fourteenth century except
A) improvements in navigation.
B) surplus agriculture for urban markets.
C) refinements in merchants' contracts.
D) new commercial techniques.
E) improved record keeping.
Q3) Deliberately inflicted violence and campaigns of terror were called A) chariavari.
B) chevauchées.
C) chevaliers.
D) trebouchets.
E) chivalry.
Q4) What were the origins of the conflict that resulted in the Avignon papacy?
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Chapter 12: The Renaissance in Italy and Northern
Europe,1350-1550
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Q1) Petrarch's sonnets were written in the vernacular,in his case, A) German.
B) Greek.
C) Italian.
D) French.
E) English.
Q2) Oil paintings in the Flemish style were characterized by the sparse use of objects.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Typical furniture for a family of modest means in the fourteenth century would have included all of the following except A) one or two beds for the family.
B) a common table used for work and dining.
C) a stool or bench.
D) a cabinet for clothing.
E) a chest for storage.
Q4) How did the War of Chioggia determine the balance of trade within the Italian city-states?
Q5) What was the political structure of the Italian states during the Renaissance?
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Chapter 13: Europes Age of Expansion, 1450 1550
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Q1) What problems faced Russia at the time of Ivan IV's death?
Q2) How did the changing definition of work affect women differently than men?
A) Women's work was calculated at the same value as men's.
B) Women's work was devalued as "necessary" but unskilled.
C) Women earned salaries for production of artisanal goods like cheese and butter.
D) Women's work was not considered part of the market economy because they exchanged goods in barter systems.
E) All of the above.
Q3) The definition of work changed in the fifteenth century,and it came to mean
A) anything that produced income for the family.
B) anything that produced goods for the market economy.
C) anything that perpetuated self-sufficiency for rural families.
D) that women's work in the family was considered secondary.
E) the division of class and social stratification assigned value to work based on hourly labor.
Q4) Explain the emergence of Spain as a unified and strong kingdom focused on Christianity under the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.
Q5) How did European exploration lead to imperialism?
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Chapter 14: Reform in the Western Church,1490-1570
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Q1) Savonarola's prophesies were interpreted as heresy and his execution was termed "bonfire of the vanities."
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Catholic doctrine,forgiveness of sin could be accomplished by A) doing good works.
B) receiving the sacraments.
C) borrowing against the righteousness of saints.
D) doing penance for sins confessed.
E) All of these.
Q3) The third major community of Protestants in Europe in the sixteenth century were the A) Lutherans.
B) Anabaptists.
C) Mennonites.
D) Calvinists.
E) Zwinglis.
Q4) What preconditions in western Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries contributed to the call for the Reformation?
Q5) How did the Reformation in England differ from that of continental Europe?
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Chapter 15: A Century of Crisis,1550-1650
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Q1) Which of the following is false about implementing the Edict of Nantes?
A) Henry IV converted to Catholicism to become king.
B) The edict ended, once and for all, the conflict between Protestants and Catholics.
C) The French nobility were very suspicious of Henry's conversion.
D) Communities within France were fragmented.
E) To obtain support for the edict, Henry bribed both Catholics and Huguenots into accepting it.
Q2) The Dutch miracle during the late sixteenth century was
A) religious.
B) cultural.
C) military.
D) economic.
E) All of these.
Q3) How did the situation of western European Jews improve or decline during the Wars of Religion during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
Q4) What role did overseas competition play in fueling conflict between the European states?
Q5) How did the division of the Habsburg Empire change the Holy Roman Empire?
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Chapter 16: State-Building and the European State
System,1648-1789
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Q1) Robert Walpole became the leader of the Whigs under George I because of all of the following except he
A) was an excellent public speaker.
B) declined to serve in the House of Lords.
C) opposed George as a candidate for kingship, instead choosing James III.
D) believed in the power of centralized government.
E) appealed to both Whigs and moderate Tories.
Q2) A significant social change implemented by Peter the Great was to A) end serfdom.
B) create compulsory military service.
C) order mandatory life service in either the military or civilian administration for nobles.
D) eliminate Russian Orthodoxy.
E) create collective farms for efficiency.
Q3) Peter the Great decisively rejected Western cultural influences in Russia.
A)True B)False
Q4) Why is Peter the Great seen as the modernizer of Russia?
Q5) What was mercantilism,and what was its effect on European economies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
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Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,1550-1790
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Q1) The coffeehouse phenomenon began in Paris.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Blaise Pascal tried to reconcile religion and science by arguing that
A) innate ideas allowed humans to conceive of God.
B) the laws of motion implied that something or someone had to initiate motion to start with; hence, God existed.
C) the heart drew on intuition as the mind drew on logic, but the heart provided a deeper view.
D) deism would not explain miracles; hence, science and religion had to be compatible.
E) God gave humans the knowledge and reason to analyze the workings of the universe, but not the ability to create one.
Q3) Immanuel Kant argued that the enlightened mind would logically choose democracy as a political reform.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Analyze the debate over women's participation in the Enlightenment and in the intellectual community.
19
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Chapter 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800
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Q1) The competitor who benefited most from Spain's inadequate trading network to resupply its own colonies was
A) France.
B) the Netherlands.
C) Portugal.
D) England.
E) Sweden.
Q2) The Middle Passage brought about the three way transportation of slaves,rum,and goods between Africa,Europe and America.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why was Britain further ahead than other European nations in accumulated capital for investment in industry?
A) It had a larger navy that could protect its colonies.
B) It vehemently objected to the slave trade and depended on domestic labor.
C) Its substantial economic growth was fueled by the Atlantic trade.
D) It had a better educational system to prepare workers for skilled trades.
E) Its per capita income was higher than anywhere else in Europe.
Q4) How did the putting-out system transform commercial manufacturing?
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Chapter 19: Revolutionary France and Napoleonic
Europe,1775-1815
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Q1) The attempt to take Russia in 1812 cost Napoleon 85% of his troops.
A)True
B)False
Q2) French society under Napoleon was dominated by the notables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The October 1789 return to Paris by Louis XVI and his family was demanded by
A) the National Assembly.
B) the nobility, who were afraid he was letting the Assembly run the country.
C) the Army of the Republic.
D) Parisian women.
E) the clergy.
Q4) In a preemptive strike to avoid overthrow,the Assembly declared war in 1792 on which country?
A) England and Austria
B) Austria and Prussia.
C) Prussia and the Netherlands.
D) Spain and Italy.
E) Flanders and Austria.
Q5) What were the effects of the Napoleonic Code?
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Chapter
20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,1814-1847
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Q1) Nineteenth-century nationalists believed that
A) the king must embody the state as a continuation of tradition and heritage.
B) power rested in the authority of the nation, comprised of people.
C) all members of a nation should participate in government.
D) there must be unification of all disparate populations under one standard of culture.
E) the nation was an organic entity and could not be subjected to contracts like a constitution.
Q2) According to definition,the state is a political entity which does all of the following except
A) collect taxes.
B) finance armies.
C) issue passports.
D) emphasize common culture.
E) demand obedience of laws.
Q3) What were the problems that undermined the Congress System in achieving a balance of power?
Q4) Analyze the causes for revolution and social unrest in the 1830s.
Q5) How did the concept of nationalism transform the European political landscape in the nineteenth century?
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Chapter 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850
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Q1) What was created by the French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard?
A) A type of loom that could weave patterned fabric.
B) A system of interchangeable parts.
C) A division of labor known as the factory system.
D) A mechanism for harvesting cotton.
E) Harnessing hydraulic power instead of coal-based steam.
Q2) Reform Judaism was strongest in Poland.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Marx believed that the best means to understand the world was through A) economics.
B) class structures.
C) philosophy.
D) nationality.
E) cultural orientation.
Q4) French industrialization was concentrated in the region of Marseille for access to sea transport.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What was different about the ideas proposed by socialism and communism?
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Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900
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Q1) The first European nation to recognize workers' demands for unemployment and retirement was
A) France.
B) Sweden.
C) Germany.
D) England.
E) Italy.
Q2) To where did many of the leading revolutionaries of 1848 flee?
A) Venezuela
B) United States
C) Mexico
D) China
E) Finland.
Q3) The French,led by Napoleon III,won the Franco-Prussian War.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Bismarck's Kulturkampf movement was a failure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What were the responses of the Catholic Church to nationalism?
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Chapter 23: The Culture of Industrial Europe,1850-1914
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Q1) Fyodor Dostoevsky broke ground in a new style of writing fiction when he
A) fused realism with social commentary.
B) mixed psychological depth with political and religious passion.
C) created wildly fantastical novels about the future.
D) imposed naturalist objectives in scathing essays.
E) satirized modern society and rejected technology.
Q2) With the opening of the Suez Canal,transportation between Britain and India decreased by how much?
A) 25%
B) 33%
C) 40%
D) 50%
E) 70%
Q3) One of the wealthiest developers of the petroleum industry was
A) JP Morgan.
B) Andrew Carnegie
C) John D. Rockefeller.
D) Karl Benz
E) Thomas Edison
Q4) How did Auguste Comte influence the social sciences? What made his theories new?
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Chapter 24: The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914
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Q1) Jadidism meant what?
A) An artistic movement bringing exotic cultures to mass society.
B) A religious movement in Central Asia to convert Muslims to Russian Orthodoxy.
C) A social movement to reconcile Islam with modern society.
D) A sociocultural movement within Central Asia to reject foreign influences.
E) Teaching schools in Turkestan that emphasized Persian and Arabic.
Q2) The most effective weapon for indigenous resistance to European rule was
A) European education.
B) assimilation of technology.
C) passive resistance.
D) organized demands.
E) self-rule.
Q3) Why did Britain place such emphasis on India as the most important of its colonies?
Q4) Compare European imperialism in French North Africa and the Belgian Congo.How were these colonies integrated as part of the home country's political,economic,and cultural life?
Q5) Compare the arguments of Hobson and Lenin on the effects of capitalism and imperialism.
Q6) What fueled European ability to impose unequal treaties?
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Chapter 25: War and Revolution,1900-1918
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Q1) Why was Italy looked at as a "junior" partner in the Triple Alliance? What did Italy bring to the partnership?
Q2) The Japanese and American economies prospered during World War I.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why did Germany believe victory was still possible in 1917?
A) They had gained considerable lands on the Eastern Front.
B) The Russian Civil War meant that Russia dropped out of the war.
C) The United States maintained a policy of non-intervention.
D) Austrian and German forces defeated the Italians at the Battle of Caporetto.
E) All of these.
Q4) What were the conditions in Russia that predisposed it to failure in the war and brought the end of the monarchy?
Q5) The primary event that sparked the beginning of World War I was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How did technology change the way war was waged in World War I?
Q7) How did governments control populations during the war to focus on "total war"?
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Chapter 26: A Decade of Revolutionary
Experiments,1918-1929
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Q1) What was seen as the most significant flaw in Lenin's promotion of Marxism in Russia?
A) The masses were not sufficiently educated to reach the next phase of Marxism.
B) The necessity of NEP in order to finance the revolution left many people disillusioned.
C) Russians had insufficient consciousness of class conflict.
D) The refusal of the Bolsheviks to turn power over to the Soviets, as promised during the war.
E) The lack of nationalized industries prevented the first step to true communism.
Q2) What was the new form of music that infiltrated European culture after World War I?
A) jazz
B) blues.
C) avant-garde
D) swing
E) folk
Q3) How was popular entertainment seen as an expression of reaction to the war?
Q4) What were the difficulties encountered by the League of Nations in the interwar years?
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Chapter 27: Democracy Under Siege,1929-1945
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Q1) Why did the policy of appeasement fail?
Q2) What was the strategy behind the German tactic of Blitzkrieg?
A) Raining down massive artillery shelling on Britain.
B) Directing bombing raids by the Luftwaffe.
C) Rapidly mobilizing tanks and troops to overwhelm opponents.
D) Defying a neutrality pact with Stalin and invade Poland without notice.
E) Creating a single front war on the east after neutralizing France.
Q3) How did political responses vary to the Great Depression in Europe?
Q4) The Munich Conference in 1938 allowed Hitler to take control of which area?
A) Hungary
B) Austria
C) Czech territory
D) Poland
E) Alsace-Lorraine
Q5) The most important person promoting diplomacy in the USSR was A) Leon Trotsky.
B) Maxim Litvinov.
C) Sergei Kirov.
D) Nikolai Bukharin.
E) Grigorii Zinoviev.
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Europe Divided,1945-1968
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Sample Questions
Q1) How was the United Nations different than the previous League of Nations?
A) All nations were invited to participate.
B) It had a permanent Security Council.
C) There was a large budget and independent financial resources.
D) It had a developed humanitarian campaign.
E) All of these.
Q2) What is the best term to describe the postwar Western economic model?
A) Consumerist
B) Conservative
C) Communist
D) Creationist
E) None of these
Q3) How did Soviet economic control change in the post-war years?
Q4) The arms race portion of the cold war was intensified when
A) the USSR sold nuclear technology to China.
B) the United States began to install missiles in Turkey.
C) the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space.
D) Yuri Gagarin made the first manned space flight.
E) the United States devoted more than 40 percent of its annual income to maintaining military superiority.
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Chapter 29: Lifting the Iron Curtain,1969-1991
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did terrorist organizations utilize public dissatisfaction with European politics to advance their more radical politics on both the right and left sides?
Q2) How did the question of self-identification become problematic under the guest worker program in Europe?
Q3) What were the difficulties Gorbachev faced in implementing economic reform?
Q4) Women gained a significant foothold on the election to European and national offices in the period between 1970 1990.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which nation was not welcomed into the Common Market in the 1980s?
A) Spain
B) Greece
C) Britain.
D) Portugal.
E) All nations were welcome.
Q6) What ultimately was responsible for the collapse of communism?
Q7) The traditional leftist party politics remained strong in the 1980s.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 30: Europe in a Globalizing World,1991 to the Present
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Sample Questions
Q1) The European Commission in 1985 was headed by
A) Jacques Chirac.
B) John Major.
C) François Mitterand.
D) Jacques Delors.
E) Jose Bove.
Q2) Why did Croatia have more problems than Slovenia in making the economic transformation?
A) The government was seen as too liberal in its reform package.
B) Croatia refused to embrace democracy.
C) It was slow to participate in a free-market economy.
D) It remained primarily agricultural because it had little industrial capital.
E) It remained occupied by UN troops.
Q3) Countries of the Common Market have abided by GATT. A)True B)False
Q4) How did the Visegrád Four's integration in the EU differ from other areas?
Q5) Madeline Albright was the first woman elected as chancellor of Germany.
A)True
B)False
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