Quantitative Methods in Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Quantitative Methods in Psychology provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the statistical techniques and data analysis strategies commonly used in psychological research. The course covers fundamental topics such as measurement scales, descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance. Emphasis is placed on applying these methods to real psychological data, interpreting statistical results, and understanding the assumptions underlying various quantitative approaches. Through lectures, hands-on exercises, and statistical software, students develop the skills necessary to critically evaluate research findings and conduct their own quantitative investigations in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition by Gravetter
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Q1) A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the television-viewing habits of American adolescents.The goal of the research is to determine the average number of hours each day that American adolescents spend watching television.The researcher is trying to determine a number that is an example of a _____.
A)parameter
B)statistic
C)population
D)sample
Answer: A
Q2) The average verbal SAT score for the entire class of entering freshmen is 530.However,if you select a sample of 20 freshmen and compute their average verbal SAT score you probably will not get exactly 530.What statistical concept is used to explain the natural difference that exists between a sample mean and the corresponding population mean?
A)Statistical error
B)Inferential error
C)Sampling error
D)Parametric error
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Q1) It is customary to list the score categories in a frequency distribution from the highest down to the lowest.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) For the following frequency distribution of quiz scores,how many individuals took the quiz? \[\begin{array} { l l }
\ X & f \\
\hline 5 & 6 \\
4 & 5 \\
3 & 5 \\
2 & 3 \\
1 & 2
\end{array}\]
A)5
B)15
C)21
D)Cannot be determined
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is possible for a distribution to have more than one mode.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What is the mode for the following sample of n = 8 scores? Scores: 0,1,1,1,2,2,3,3
A)1
B)1.5
C)13/8 = 1.625
D)3
Answer: A
Q3) A sample of n = 8 scores has a mean of M = 16.For this sample, X = 2.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) A sample with a mean of M = 20 has X = 120.There are n = 6 scores in the sample.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Variability
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Q1) If a sample of n = 6 scores has X = 30 and X² = 200,then SS = 20.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Under what circumstances would a score that is 10 points below the mean be considered an extreme value?
A)When the mean is much greater than 10
B)When the mean is much less than 10
C)When the standard deviation is much greater than 10
D)When the standard deviation is much less than 10
Q3) Multiplying every score in a sample by 3 will not change the value of the standard deviation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following symbols identifies the sample variance?
A)s
B)s<sup>2</sup>
C)?
D)? <sup>2</sup>
Q5) Calculate the variance and the standard deviation for the following sample data.Scores: 1,0,3,1,2,4,0,1
Page 6
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Chapter 5: z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Q1) For a population with µ = 80 and = 6,what is the z-score corresponding to X = 68?
A)-0.50
B)-2.00
C)+2.00
D)-12.00
Q2) If two individuals in the same population have identical X scores,they also will have identical z-scores.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A sample of n = 20 scores is transformed into z-scores.What is the mean for the set of 20 z-scores?
A)0
B)1
C)10
D)Cannot be determined without more information
Q4) In a distribution with µ = 80 and = 20,a score of X = 95 corresponds to z = 1.50.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Q1) A normal distribution has = 20 and = 4.What is the probability of randomly selecting a score greater than 25 from this distribution?
A)0.3944
B)0.1056
C)0.8944
D)0.7888
Q2) What proportion of a normal distribution is located between the mean and z = 1.40?
A)0.9192
B)0.0808
C)0.4192
D)0.8384
Q3) A class consists of 10 male and 30 female students.A random sample of n = 3 students is selected.If the first two students are both females,what is the probability that the third student is a male?
A)10/37
B)10/38
C)10/40
D)8/38
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Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means
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Q1) For a particular population,a sample of n = 4 scores has an expected value of 10.For the same population,a sample of n = 25 scores would have an expected value of
A)4
B)8
C)10
D)20
Q2) A sample is selected from a population with a mean of µ = 40.If the sample mean is M = 45,which of the following combinations would make the sample mean an extreme,unrepresentative value for the population?
A)A small sample and a small population standard deviation
B)A small sample and a large population standard deviation
C)A large sample and a small population standard deviation
D)A large sample and a large population standard deviation
Q3) If the sample size is equal to the population standard deviation (n = ),then the standard error for the sample mean is equal to 1.00.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) You complete a hypothesis test using = .05,and based on the evidence from the sample,your decision is to reject the null hypothesis.If the treatment actually has no effect,which of the following is true?
A)You have made a Type I error.
B)You have made a Type II error.
C)You might have made a Type I error, but the probability is only 5% at most.
D)You have made the correct decision.
Q2) The critical boundaries for a hypothesis test are z = +1.96 and -1.96.If the z-score for the sample data is z = -1.90,what is the correct statistical decision?
A)Fail to reject H<sub>1</sub>
B)Fail to reject H<sub>0</sub>
C)Reject H<sub>1</sub>
D)Reject H<sub>0</sub>
Q3) A researcher selects a sample of n = 25 from a normal population with µ = 40 and = 10.If the treatment is expected to increase scores by 3 points,what is the power of a two-tailed hypothesis test using = .05?
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the t Statistic
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Questions
Q1) A researcher selects a sample from a population with = 30 and uses the sample to evaluate the effect of a treatment.After treatment,the sample has a mean of M = 32 and a variance of s² = 6.If Cohen's d is used to measure the size of the treatment effect,which of the following would have no effect on the value of Cohen's d?
A)Increase the sample size
B)Increase the sample mean
C)Increase the sample variance
D)All of the other options will influence the value of Cohen's d.
Q2) A sample is selected from a population with = 46,and a treatment is administered to the sample.After treatment,the sample mean is M = 48 with a sample variance of s² = 16.Based on this information,what is the value of Cohen's d?
A)d = 0.125
B)d = 0.25
C)d = 0.50
D)Cohen's d cannot be computed without knowing the sample size.
Q3) A random sample with n = 20 scores has df = 19.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The t Test for Two Independent Samples
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Q1) An independent-measures research study uses two samples,each with n = 10 participants.If the data produce a t statistic of t = 2.095,which of the following is the correct decision for a two-tailed hypothesis test?
A)Reject the null hypothesis with = .05 but fail to reject with = .01
B)Reject the null hypothesis with either = .05 or = .01
C)Fail to reject the null hypothesis with either = .05 or = .01
D)Cannot answer without additional information
Q2) If the two samples are the same size,the degrees of freedom for the independent measures t statistic will be an even number.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For an independent-measures t statistic,the estimated standard error measures how much difference is reasonable to expect between the sample means for two samples selected from the same population.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The t Test for Two Related Samples
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Q1) A repeated-measures study comparing two treatments with n = 4 participants produces MD = 2 and SS = 75 for the difference scores.What is the estimated standard error for the sample mean difference?
A)25
B)25/4 = 6.25
C)5
D)2.5
Q2) One advantage of a repeated-measures design is that it typically requires fewer participants than an independent-measures design.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Although a repeated-measures study measures two scores for each participant,the sample mean and variance are computed using only one score for each participant.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a repeated-measures design as opposed to an independent-measures design.
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Q1) When comparing more than two treatment means,why should you use an analysis of variance instead of using multiple t tests?
A)Using multiple t tests increases the risk of a Type I error.
B)Using multiple t tests increases the risk of a Type II error.
C)The analysis of variance is more likely to detect a treatment effect.
D)There is no advantage to using an analysis of variance instead of multiple t tests.
Q2) A researcher uses an independent-measures t test to evaluate the mean difference between two treatments.If the t statistic has df = 12,then an ANOVA evaluating the same data would produce an F-ratio with df = 1,11.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An ANOVA is used to evaluate the mean differences among three treatment conditions with a sample of n = 12 participants in each treatment.For this study,what is df ?
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures and Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
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Q1) How many separate groups of participants would be needed for an independent-measures,two-factor study with 3 levels of factor A and 4 levels of factor B?
A)3
B)4
C)7
D)12
Q2) The results of a two-factor analysis of variance produce df = 2,36 for the F-ratio for factor A and df = 2,36 for the F-ratio for factor B.How many participants are in each of the treatment conditions?
A)4
B)5
C)6
D)10
Q3) What is the correct denominator for the repeated-measures F-ratio?
A)MSerror
B)MSwithin
C)MSbetween subjects
D)MSbetween treatments
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Chapter 14: Correlation and Regression
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Q1) A set of X and Y scores has a Pearson correlation of r = -0.60.For these data,60% of the variability in the Y scores can be predicted from the relationship with X.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the value of SP for the following set of data? \[\begin{array} { l l } \mathrm { X } & \mathrm { Y } \\ \hline 4 & 3 \\
1 & 2 \\
1 & 5 \\
2 & 6
\end{array}\]
A)-1
B)-5 4
C)5 1
D)None of the other 3 choices is correct.
Q3) If the Pearson correlation for a set of scores is equal to +1.00,then the Spearman correlation for the same scores would also be equal to +1.00.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit
and Independence
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Q1) The chi-square test for independence uses the same formula as the chi-square statistic for the goodness-of-fit test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A chi-square test for goodness of fit is used to examine the distribution of individuals across four categories,and a chi-square test for independence is used to examine the distribution of individuals across the six categories in a 2×3 matrix of categories.Which test has the larger value for df?
A)The test for goodness of fit
B)The test for independence
C)Both tests have the same df value.
D)The df value depends on the sizes of the samples that are used.
Q3) For the chi-square test for goodness of fit,the researcher must select a sample with an equal number of individuals in each category.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Chi-square values are always greater than or equal to zero.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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