Psychology Statistics
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Psychology Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods used in the statistical analysis of psychological data. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and the interpretation of data commonly encountered in psychological research. Emphasis is placed on understanding how statistical tools inform research design, data analysis, and the critical evaluation of empirical findings in psychology. Students will also gain hands-on experience in using statistical software to analyze datasets, enhancing their ability to apply statistical reasoning in real-world psychological contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by
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Page 2
Neil J. Salkind
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics? Its
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Sample Questions
Q1) You can see the formula behind the screens in a worksheet by entering what?
A) Ctrl+'
B) Ctrl+Alt
C) Ctrl F10
D) Ctrl Page Dn
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following individuals used statistics methods during the 17th century to study the intelligence of his family members?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Francis Galton
C) Isaac Newton
D) Alfred Binet
Answer: B
Q3) What is a sample?
Answer: A sample is a smaller subset of data taken from the larger population such as class of undergraduate students in the University.
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) Who was the inventor of the correlation?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Charles Darwin
C) Francis Galton
D) Jacob Cohen
Answer: C
Q2) In the formula for computing the mean, what does the Greek letter "?" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) mean value of the group
D) individual scores
Answer: A
Q3) Determine the mode of the following set of scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The mode is 12
Q4) What is the formula for calculating the mean?
Answer: \(\bar { X } = \frac { \sum X } { n }\)
Q5) Determine the median for the following data set: 11, 14, 18, 19, 20, 25
Answer: The median is 18.5
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why the standard deviation is referred to as an unbiased estimate. Why are unbiased estimates important to researchers?
Answer: Because n - 1 is used in the denominator, we call the SD an unbiased estimate of the population's SD. By artificially inflating the SD, researchers are conservative in their estimate of the population SD.
Q2) In the formula for computing the range, what does the letter "h" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) lowest score
D) highest score
Answer: D
Q3) What will the sum of the deviations from the mean always equal?
A) n - 1
B) 0
C) 1
D) n + 1
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the definition of a cumulative frequency distribution?
Q2) Name the four ways that distributions can be different from one another.
Q3) What is the term associated with the lack of symmetry in a distribution?
A) Ogive
B) Skewness
C) Kurtosis
D) Variability
Q4) Which of the following refers to a distribution's curve that is relatively peaked in comparison to a normal curve?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q5) If you have a distribution of 50 scores and you want 5 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
Q6) Which of the following are among the things to remember when creating figures?
A) Use a lot of text
B) Graphs communicate several ideas
C) Label just the most important item
D) Maintain the scale in the graph
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
Q2) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .49, how strong is the relationship? Why?
Q3) Which of the following represent the Excel function to be used when computing correlation coefficients?
A) CORREL(A:10; B:10)
B) CORREL(A:1-10; B:1-10)
C) CORREL(A1:A10; B1:B10)
D) CORREL(A10:B10)
Q4) If variables change in the opposite direction, what type of correlation is this called?
A) Positive correlation
B) Negative correlation
C) Positive causation
D) Negative causation
Q5) If the correlation between variables is .70, what percent of the variance is shared variance?
Q6) If the correlation between variables is .60, what is the coefficient of alienation?
Q7) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Q1) Which level of measurement provides the most information about a variable?
Q2) Which coefficient reflects the occurrence of perfect reliability?
A) +1.00
B) +.50
C) +.100
D) +2.00
Q3) What is the key to establishing criterion validity?
A) Number of criteria
B) Quality of the criterion
C) Type of correlation
D) Predictive ability
Q4) How does interrater reliability measure consistency?
A) Over time
B) From form to form
C) Across different tests
D) From rater to rater
Q5) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q7) What are the traditional types of validity evidence? Page 8
Q6) Which level of measurement is concerned only with the characteristics of an outcome that fits into a category?
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Q1) What does "generalizability" mean?
A) Results may be applied to the populations studied
B) Results may apply only to the sample studied
C) Sampling error is high
D) Sample does not represent the population
Q2) Which of the following symbols represents the average score of Group 1?
A) \(H _ { 1 }\)
B) \(\mu 1\)
C) \(\bar { X } 1\)
D) \(H _ { 0 }\)
Q3) What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis?
A) One-tailed test
B) Two-tailed test
C) Nonparametric test
D) Frequency test
Q4) When might you use a one-tailed test, and when would you want to use a two-tailed test?
Q5) What is a hypothesis?
Q6) Explain what is meant by the fishing trip approach to doing research.
Q7) What are the basic criteria for judging the quality of hypotheses?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Q1) What characteristic of the normal curve deals with skewness?
A) Mean, median, and mode
B) Symmetry
C) Asymptotic
D) Probability
Q2) What is the basis for the normal curve and inferential statistics?
A) Mean
B) Asymptotic
C) Probability
D) Symmetry
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal curve?
A) Mean, median, and mode are different
B) Mean and median are the same but mode is different
C) Mean and mode are the same but median is different
D) Mean, median, and mode are the same
Q4) What percent of all scores fall below a z score of +1?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Q1) Which of the following is a statement of equality?
A) Research hypothesis
B) Directional hypothesis
C) Nondirectional hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q2) If you conclude that your findings yield a 1-in-100 chance that differences were not due to the hypothesized reason, what is the corresponding p value?
Q3) What does 1 - ? represent?
A) Alpha level
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q4) The level of chance you are willing to take is called the?
A) Beta level
B) Power level
C) Significance level
D) Chance level
Q5) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the right of the critical value, under what percent of the normal curve did it fall?
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Q1) Degrees of freedom for the Z Test are not required given that z-scores of 1.96 and 2.58 are used for 5% and 1% respectively.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If n > 30, what should the distribution be?
Q3) If the obtained z value is more extreme than the critical value, then?
A) The hypothesis is non-directional
B) The null hypothesis can be accepted
C) The null hypothesis cannot be accepted
D) The hypothesis is directional
Q4) If you have designed a 99% confidence interval to estimate the population average (?) with a known standard deviation for the populationstandard deviation for the populationstandard deviation for the population (?), what is supposed to be the correct critical values range for z?
Q5) A test is conducted for H?: ? = 34, with ? = 5. A sample size of 100 is selected. Calculate the standard error of the sampling distribution.
Q6) When analyzing data types what type of chance should each individual have for being selected?
Q7) What can be said about data points and Z Tests?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Q1) What is the formula used to calculate degrees of freedom for a t test for dependent groups?
A) n - 1
B) n + n - 1
C) n - 1 + n
D) n + n
Q2) How many observations are there for each case in a t test for dependent samples?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Q3) Consider the following set of conditions: The focus is the difference between scores on a pretest and a posttest, the participants are being tested more than once, and there are two groups. Which test should you use?
Q4) Given the following, what should you conclude? t<sub>(24)</sub> = 2.001 and t<sub>critical</sub> = 1.94
Q5) What does the t test for dependent samples allow you to examine?
Q6) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent?
Q7) What does t critical one-tail represent?
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Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Q1) What Excel function requires that you enter the t value, degrees of freedom, and the number of tails?
A) TTEST
B) TEST2
C) TDIST
D) TDIST2
Q2) In the formula that computes a t value, what does n?D represent?
A) Sum of the difference between groups
B) Sum of the means for Group 1
C) Sum of the means for Group 2
D) Sum of the differences squared
Q3) Explain the difference between a test of dependent and independent means.
Q4) To examine one group of subjects under two different conditions, which statistical technique should you select?
A) Regression
B) t test for dependent samples
C) Analysis of variance
D) t test for independent samples
Page 15
Q5) Given the following, what should you conclude? t???? = 2.001 and tc??t?c?l = 1.94
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many? Try Analysis of Variance
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Q1) What is the MS between value?
Q2) If you wanted to examine whether the level of parental involvement differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), what is the independent variable of interest?
A) Grade level
B) Students
C) Parents
D) Level of parent involvement
Q3) How are the F statistic and t statistic related?
Q4) When computing the degrees of freedom for ANOVA, how is the within-group estimate calculated?
A) n - 1
B) k - 1
C) N - k
D) n/k
Q5) If the total sample size was 50 and three groups were examined, what is the between-groups degrees of freedom?
Q6) What is the MS within value?
Q7) When is analysis of variance the appropriate statistical procedure to use?
Q8) What is the formula for computing the F statistic?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) When analysis of data reveals a difference between levels of a factor, this is called the:
A) Interaction effect
B) Factor effect
C) Level effect
D) Main effect
Q2) Results from an ANOVA are placed in what type of table?
A) ANOVA table
B) Source table
C) Effects table
D) Output table
Q3) Which of the following would be an example of a design that examines the effects of gender and school type (i.e., elementary, middle, high school) on a scale of student attitudes toward learning?
A) Simple ANOVA
B) One-way ANOVA
C) 2 × 3 ANOVA
D) 3 × 3 ANOVA
Q4) What is the main effect in factorial analysis of variance?
Q5) Describe what is meant by a mixed ANOVA design?
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships Using the Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are measures that occur at the same time known as?
A) Predictive measures
B) Longitudinal measures
C) Concurrent measures
D) Consecutive measures
Q2) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
Q3) How do you calculate the degrees of freedom when testing the correlation coefficient?
Q4) What is another term for a positive correlation?
A) Indirect
B) Nondirectional
C) Direct
D) Unidirectional
Q5) Which of the following is an example of a research hypothesis for testing a correlation coefficient?
A) \(H _ { 1 : } \rho _ { x v } \neq 0\)
B) \(H _ { 1 : } : \rho _ { x w } = 0\)
C) \(H _ { 0 } : \rho _ { x v } = 0\)
D) \(H _ { 0 } : \rho _ { x w } \neq 0\)
Q6) What are the null and research hypotheses for testing a correlation coefficient? Page 18
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using Linear
Regression
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Q1) When using multiple predictor variables in regression, what are the "big rules" one must follow?
Q2) How would you represent the predicted score of Y based on a known value of X?
A) Y
B) y-intercept
C) Y?
D) Y = Xa
Q3) What must be done to categorical variables in order to use them in a regression analysis?
A) Nothing
B) Dummy coding
C) Problem coding
D) Categorical coding
Q4) What statistical technique is used to make predictions of future outcomes based on present data?
A) Analysis of variance
B) Repeated measures
C) Linear regression
D) Correlational analysis
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Q5) Write the equation for linear regression. What do the symbols represent?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Fisher's exact
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare two independent samples?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Q3) If you have 30 respondents identifying their political preference (i.e., Democrat, Republican, Independent), what would be the expected frequency for each category?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
Q4) What do the symbols in the one-sample chi-square test represent?
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Q1) The major difference between SEM and other advanced techniques, such as factor analysis, is that SEM is what type of technique?
A) confirmatory
B) exploratory
C) compensatory
D) factorial
Q2) For which of the following procedures can you use the Excel Data Analysis Toolpak procedure ANOVA: Two Factor with Replication?
A) ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) MANOVA
Q3) If you want to equalize initial differences between two groups before examining group differences, what procedure would you use?
A) ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) MANOVA
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