Psychology of Learning Review Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning explores the fundamental principles and processes that underlie how humans and animals acquire, retain, and apply new knowledge and behaviors. The course examines major learning theories, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, and analyzes how factors such as motivation, reinforcement, memory, and social context influence learning outcomes. Through a combination of theoretical discussions and practical applications, students gain insights into how learning occurs across various settings, from classrooms to everyday life, and develop critical thinking skills for evaluating instructional strategies and educational interventions.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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13 Chapters
801 Verified Questions
801 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of A) behaviorism.
B) Donderism.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) operant conditioning.
Answer: C
Q2) The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
A) cognitive psychology.
B) introspection.
C) behaviorism.
D) memory consolidation.
Answer: A
Q3) Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior.
A) positive reinforcers
B) negative reinforcers
C) practice trials
D) excitatory neurotransmitters
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to brain-imaging techniques, ERP occurs on a
A) much slower time scale.
B) similar time scale.
C) much faster time scale.
D) more precise scale for understanding which brain structures are active.
Answer: C
Q2) When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces.For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least.Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most.Your results support ____ coding.
A) specificity
B) distributed
C) convergence
D) divergence
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Perception
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56 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The example of how we might perceive something that looks like an animal hiding behind a tree in the woods was used to illustrate the operation of A) heuristics.
B) the Gestalt law of organization.
C) an algorithm.
D) both heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization.
Answer: D
Q2) "Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S.Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations.Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory.Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of A) bottom-up processing.
B) top-down processing.
C) their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
D) repeated practice at the task.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experiments that support the idea of early selection involve
A) simple tasks.
B) high-load tasks.
C) low-load tasks.
D) extended practice.
Q2) Illusory conjunctions are
A) combinations of features from different stimuli.
B) misidentified objects using the context of the scene.
C) combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli.
D) features that are consistent across different stimuli.
Q3) Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?
A) A result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear
B) A result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear
C) The result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon
D) The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment
Q4) Compare and contrast location- and object-based attention.Give a set of experimental results to support each type of model.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class.Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on
A) the STM recency effect.
B) delayed response coding.
C) the phonological loop.
D) the visuospatial sketch pad.
Q2) Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as
A) L.
B) I.
C) R.
D) C.
Q3) Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because
A) saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
B) saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding.
C) talking makes the longer words seem even longer.
D) elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
A) declarative and non-declarative
B) personal semantic and remote
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit and procedural
Q2) Describe the serial position curve.Draw a graph (labeling each axis)to illustrate the curve, making sure you explain each "section" of the curve.Explain the structural features of memory responsible for the shape of the curve.
Q3) You've now learned about the serial position curve.The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose).Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented).What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?
A) The same serial position curve observed with free recall
B) A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall
C) A diminished primacy effect, relative to free recall
D) Diminished primacy and recency effects, relative to free recall
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8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.
A) long-term potentiation
B) retrieval cues
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) mass practice
Q2) According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
A) Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
B) Deciding how many vowels each word has
C) Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
D) Repeating the words over and over in your mind
Q3) According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
A) remote, episodic memories.
B) remote, semantic memories.
C) remote procedural memories.
D) state-dependent memories.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
A) Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.
B) Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file.
C) Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.
D) Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable.
Q2) The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered)illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.
A) repeated rehearsal of distinctive names
B) source misattributions
C) encoding specificity
D) schemas
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10
Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
A) disrupts the processing of another stimulus.
B) acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct.
C) facilitates the response to another stimulus.
D) relates to a prototype.
Q2) The process of back propagation is most closely associated with A) semantic networks.
B) connectionist networks.
C) reasoning about categories.
D) spreading activation.
Q3) Olin and Bob are neighbors.Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo.He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month.In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds.His only contact with them is in his backyard.It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves A) more prototypes than Bob's.
B) more exemplars than Bob's.
C) more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's.
D) the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.
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11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process.For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up.This describes a(n)
A) epiphenomenon.
B) inner scribe.
C) convergent behavior.
D) propositional behavior.
Q2) In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
A) perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms.
B) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.
C) imagery is more stable than perception.
D) imagery occurs more automatically than perception.
Q3) Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.
A) mental scanning
B) categorization
C) priming
D) mental walk
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Coherence refers to the
A) mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text.
B) principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context.
C) mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading.
D) representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
Q2) In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that A) had a large number of sophisticated language systems.
B) had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies.
C) communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it.
D) had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.
Q3) The given-new contract is a method for creating A) coherence in people's conversations.
B) children's mastery of syntax.
C) resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence.
D) anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway.She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months.Amber takes the street to the north during that time.After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route.Continuing to take the street to the north represents A) a single dissociation.
B) a source problem.
C) a mental set.
D) convergent thinking.
Q2) Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
A) Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight
B) Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target
C) Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
D) Using a wine bottle as a vase
Q3) Describe the three steps involved in analogical problem solving.Which step is the most difficult to achieve, and what is the evidence that this is the most difficult step?
Q4) Describe the Gestalt approach to problem solving and provide an example.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the following syllogism: If p then q. p q
This syllogism is a(n)____ syllogism.
A) abstract conditional
B) concrete conditional
C) abstract categorical
D) concrete categorical
Q2) Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning A) confirmation bias. B) utility.
C) the falsification principle.
D) the representativeness heuristic.
Q3) Discuss how a person's judgments are affected by the way choices are framed.Give an example of a choice framed in terms of gains.Give another example of a choice framed in terms of losses.Which decision-making strategy is likely used in each case? Why?
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