Psychology of Learning Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning examines the fundamental principles and theories underlying how people acquire, process, and retain new information and skills. The course explores major learning paradigms such as classical and operant conditioning, social learning, and cognitive development, highlighting the contributions of key theorists like Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura, and Piaget. Students will analyze how factors such as motivation, memory, perception, and environment impact learning outcomes across the lifespan. The course also discusses practical applications in educational, clinical, and organizational settings, equipping learners with insights to enhance teaching, training, and personal development strategies.
Recommended Textbook
The Principles of Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Michael Domjan
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) How might learning be studied at each of the major levels of analysis: behavioral, neural system, and molecular/cellular?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q2) Why must learning be studied with experimental instead of observational techniques?
A)Causes can only be inferred, not observed directly.
B)Causes are very similar across situations.
C)Observations only provide evidence of prior experiences.
D)Observational studies are only sufficient to document short-term behavior changes.
Answer: A
Q3) What is the general-process approach? What evidence supports adopting such an approach in the study of learning phenomena? Why should caution be used in interpreting this evidence?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Briefly describe the two intellectual traditions that were stimulated by Cartesian dualism.How is each tradition represented in contemporary investigations of learning phenomena?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Appetitive behaviors are most correctly described by which of the following?
A)activities that because of their vigor increase hunger
B)early components of a behavior sequence
C)activities that satisfy an appetite or drive
D)end components of an organized sequence of behaviors
Answer: B
Q2) A loud tone is repeatedly presented to a group of rats.Initially, there is a large startle response that decreases across trials.The response decrease across trials may be due to
A)habituation.
B)fatigue.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)All of the above
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is likely to be the most stereotyped response?
A)a squirrel eating a walnut
B)a robin searching for a worm
C)a grandmother preparing a pie
D)a young man issuing a threatening gesture
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The essential circuits for eyeblink conditioning appear to be located in the A)hippocampus.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)cerebellum.
D)corpus callosum.
Answer: C
Q2) Normally, you eat breakfast every morning at Sam's Diner.For the past three mornings, a large yellow banner has stated that Sam's is closed.Now, every time you see a yellow banner you turn away from the banner.Your conditioning is an example of A)short-delayed conditioning.
B)differential inhibition.
C)Pavlov's procedure for conditioned inhibition.
D)a negative CS-US contiguity.
Answer: C
Q3) How is learning in classical conditioning procedures measured?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Compare the effectiveness of short-delay and long-delay conditioning.What factors influence the effectiveness of each procedure?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which model suggests that the CS is only informative if the subject has to wait less time for the US when the CS is present than if it is not present?
A)the Rescorla-Wagner model
B)the Pearce and Hall attentional model
C)the comparator hypothesis
D)the relative-waiting-time hypothesis
Q2) Chicks presented with a lighted disk signaling warmth pecked at the disk, pushed the disk, and shook their heads in a snuggling manner.Their response to the heat was to nap.The conditioned response to the disk is best predicted by which of the following?
A)the stimulus substitution model
B)the compensatory response model
C)the behavioral systems model
D)the belongingness model
Q3) Lesioning the amygdala results in
A)facilitated learning about CSs that predict shock only.
B)facilitated learning about CSs that predict any aversive event.
C)disrupted learning about aversive events.
D)none of the above
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning
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Q1) In a study where pigeons were reinforced only if the pattern of pecks delivered to two keys was different from the previous 50 patterns, researchers determined that A)reinforcement increases stereotypy.
B)behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement.
C)reinforcement decreases intrinsic motivation.
D)reinforcement decreases originality.
Q2) When shaping the behavior of an organism, you must
A)reinforce all responses.
B)set each criterion so that at least some of the existing responses are reinforced.
C)set each criterion so that only the response forms that exceed existing responses are reinforced.
D)set each criterion so that most of the existing responses are reinforced.
Q3) Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies.How do these contingencies contribute to the classification of instrumental conditioning procedures?
Q4) What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?
Q5) Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.
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Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A concurrent schedule of reinforcement is used to investigate A)PREE.
B)choice behavior.
C)frustrative aggression.
D)frustration theory.
Q2) Your friend is taking a class with exams scheduled every three weeks.You expect that he will study
A)at a high steady rate throughout the semester.
B)at a rapid and steady rate once he gets started, followed by periods of no studying. C)very little following an exam but with increasing rates at the end of the three weeks.
D)at a low steady rate throughout the semester.
Q3) Compare and contrast ratio and interval schedules in terms of how the contingencies of reinforcement are set up and the effects they have on the instrumental response.
Q4) Describe the roles of the amygdala, striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex in choice behavior.How do they function together to lead to choices?
Q5) Describe various theoretical explanations of the matching law.
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Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do studies of the associative structure of instrumental conditioning help in understanding the nature of drug addiction?
Q2) According to the response deprivation hypothesis, an organism will work to gain access to a reinforcer response if
A)access to that reinforcer response has been restricted.
B)the baseline probability of making that response is greater than that of making the instrumental response.
C)the baseline probability of making that response is less than that of the making the instrumental response.
D)making that response reduces a deprived physiological drive state.
Q3) The problem with assuming that R-O relationships act alone to produce instrumental behavior is that
A)it is difficult to demonstrate R-O relationships in the laboratory.
B)R-O relationships are theoretical constructs.
C)the R-O relationship does not explain what causes the response in the first place.
D)R-O relationships ignore rg-sg mechanisms.
Q4) Describe implications of modern concepts of reinforcement for behavior therapy.
Q5) Describe what is an S-R association and what provides the best evidence for it.
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A tone signals that a red light will be followed by food delivery.Without the tone, food does not follow the red light presentation.After some training, the tone is repeatedly presented alone.You expect that its ability to facilitate the CR will be A)reduced.
B)unchanged.
C)enhanced.
D)unpredictable.
Q2) Assume you would like your therapeutic treatments to generalize to outside settings.Which of the following would you not do?
A)Conduct sessions in your office so the client comes to associate the cues of the office with preparing for treatment.
B)Use numerous exemplars during training.
C)Make the treatment procedure indiscriminable or incidental to other activities.
D)Make the treatment situation as similar as possible to the natural environment of the client.
Q3) Describe the role of contextual cues in the control of a common human behavior.
Q4) What does the steepness of a stimulus generalization reveal to a researcher?
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Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extinction of a classically conditioned response occurs
A)with the passage of time.
B)when the subject becomes sensitized to the CR.
C)when the CS is presented without the US.
D)when the subject habituates to the UR.
Q2) Compare three mechanisms of PREE.What evidence supports, or refutes, each mechanism?
Q3) The theory that the partial reinforcement extinction effect is due to learning to respond when nonreward is expected is
A)the frustration theory.
B)the sequential theory.
C)the discrimination hypothesis.
D)the fear-avoidance theory.
Q4) Which of the following concepts is most like Newtonian physics?
A)behavioral momentum
B)frustration theory
C)sequential theory
D)discrimination theory
Q5) Describe the concept of behavioral momentum.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the concept?
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Chapter 10: Averse Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) A guinea pig can prevent mild footshock by turning a running wheel during a brief tone CS.Early in training, the guinea pig receives several shocks because it fails to spin the wheel in time.However, over several trials the guinea pig successfully learns to prevent the shock.These later successful trials are most correctly referred to as
A)escape trials.
B)avoidance trials.
C)omission trials.
D)acquired drive trials.
Q2) Which theory suggests that punishment causes response suppression because a subject learns to engage in behaviors incompatible with the target response?
A)SSDR theory
B)the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment
C)the avoidance theory of punishment
D)the negative law of effect
Q3) Compare avoidance and escape trials.Provide an example of each from common human experience.
Q4) Compare the safety-signal hypothesis to the two-process theory of avoidance.
Q5) Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.
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Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the phenomenon of directed forgetting and what it tells us about memory processes.
Q2) When he first begins shopping, Peter is able to remember what he has in his cart without referring to his list.He is using A)retrospection.
B)prospection.
C)introspection.
D)rehearsal memory.
Q3) Describe the delayed matching-to-sample procedure and alternative strategies that can be used to respond accurately in such a procedure.How can these response strategies be distinguished experimentally?
Q4) Evidence to support the retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia comes from studies in which
A)memory deficits can be overcome by reminder treatments.
B)hypothermia causes retrograde amnesia.
C)memory deficits occur in response to ECT.
D)memory in the short-term store is shown to be vulnerable.
Q5) What is spatial memory? Describe two procedures that demonstrate spatial memory in animals.
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition Ii
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Sample Questions
Q1) After learning to press five keys, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order, monkeys were given tests in which subsets of two keys were presented.A comparison of the latencies to press the second key revealed that as the number of letters missing between the two test keys increased, (BD) versus (BE) for example, the latency to press the second key , suggesting that the monkeys were subject to the symbolic distance effect.
A)remained the same
B)increased
C)decreased
D)increased if the first key was "A" or "B," and decreased if the first key was "C" or "D" ("E" could not be the first key)
Q2) Human infants are said to have language
A)at birth.
B)usually by 6 months.
C)usually by 12 months.
D)There is no one point where a child can be said to graduate to having language.
Q3) Describe how the behavior of food storing birds can be used to provide evidence of episodic memory.
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