Psychology of Learning Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning explores the fundamental processes by which humans acquire, modify, and retain knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes. This course examines major theories of learning, including classical and operant conditioning, social learning, cognitive development, and information processing. Students will analyze the biological, cognitive, and environmental factors that influence learning, and apply psychological principles to real-world educational and developmental contexts. Emphasis is placed on understanding how learning theories inform teaching strategies, motivation, memory, and behavior change. Through case studies and practical examples, students will develop a comprehensive understanding of how learning occurs across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark H. Ashcraft
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14 Chapters
1643 Verified Questions
1643 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The essence of Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior book was that
A)Skinner failed to supply an adequate computer model of verbal learning
B)Skinner relied too heavily on animal models
C)Skinner failed to consider the role of attention
D)Skinner's work was a mere terminological revision,in which terms borrowed from the laboratory were used in the full vagueness of their ordinary usage
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following does NOT challenge a pure behaviorist perspective?
A)demonstrated effects of attention
B)the role of vigilance in a skilled performance task
C)language
D)incorporating Pavlov's work on classical conditioning
Answer: D
Q3) Which is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?
A)scientific study of behavior
B)focus on observable,quantifiable behavior
C)antimentalist
D)the first major school of thought in experimental psychology
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many neurons does a typical person have in his or her brain?
A)millions
B)trillions
C)thousands
D)billions
Answer: D
Q2) Long-term potentiation has a shorter duration than consolidation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The primary bridge across which messages pass between the left and right halves of the cortex is the __________.
A)thalamus
B)corpus callosum
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus
Answer: B
Q4) Long-term potentiation involves the creation of new __________ receptors. Answer: (AMPA)
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT associated with Pandemonium?
A)decision demon
B)feature detection
C)selfridge
D)serial processing
Answer: D
Q2) Contralaterality in the visual system means that everything taken in by the right eye is processed in the left hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What is the name of the illusion of movement from theater marquee lights?
A)alpha movement
B)the phi phenomenon
C)beta movement
D)the psy phenomenon
Answer: B
Q4) The reception of stimuli from the environment is __________ and the interpretation of those stimuli is __________.
Answer: (SENSATION; PERCEPTION)
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Chapter 4: Attention
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The grabbing of attention by an unexpected event is called __________.
Q2) If I had you perform a stem completion task but had you exclude words from a list that I had just given you,your results are likely to illustrate __________.
A)Stroop interference
B)orienting reflex
C)implicit memory
D)spotlight attention
Q3) With sufficient practice,people can read stories at normal rates,with high levels of comprehension,while simultaneously taking dictation.
A)false,according to Shiffrin & Schneider
B)true,according to Spelke,Hirst,& Neisser
C)false,according to Broadbent
D)true,according to Johnston & Heinz
Q4) Stroop interference is likely to reflect all but __________.
A)extinction
B)priming
C)automatic processing
D)spreading activation
Q5) How is attention involved in the occurrence of mind wandering?
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The reason for doing a dual-task study is to assess __________.
A)the speed of working memory retrieval
B)what happens when working memory resources are drained
C)the operation of the episodic buffer
D)the mind
Q2) What are some of the effects that demonstrate the operation of the visuospatial sketchpad?
Q3) The four major components of Baddeley's working memory model are ______________,_____________,______________,and ______________.
Q4) The correlation between working memory span scores and memory retrieval is __________.
Q5) Which of the following can aid in using short-term memory?
A)span of apprehension
B)digit span
C)span of immediate memory
D)chunking
Q6) Diagram a schematic of the process model Sternberg proposed for his version of the Sternberg search task.
Q7) What parts of the brain are implicated in working memory operation?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In __________,a list is originally learned,set aside for some period of time,then later relearned to the same criterion of accuracy.
A)a relearning task
B)a cued recall task
C)paired associate learning
D)a mnemonic task
Q2) The relearning task in the Ebbinghaus tradition is when __________.
A)people need to change how they learn information
B)previously learned information needs to be purged or forgotten to make room for new information
C)there is a reduction in the amount of time needed to learn something D)people are asked to relearn a set of information after it has been forgotten
Q3) The isolation effect is __________.
A)the fact that repetition leads to stronger memory traces
B)the fact that the frequency of events seems to be encoded into memory easily (or automatically)
C)improved memory for one piece of evidence that has been made distinct or different D)the fact that rehearsal organization and imagery lead to better retrieval
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8
Chapter 7: Knowing
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mental categories allow us to __________.
A)predict the ways in which we should interact with new instances
B)spend more time trying to figure out what things are
C)find the needle in the haystack
D)overcome our biases and prejudices derived from stereotypes
Q2) Lexical decision performance logically requires semantic access.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which is NOT true?
A)Semantic priming can occur even in the absence of conscious awareness of prime identity.
B)In artificial categorization tasks,participants can be successfully oriented to classify on the basis of "diagnostic" features or "prototypical" features using short-term memory storage.
C)Semantic memory is organized according to semantic relatedness among concepts.Both automatic and controlled processing can be implicated in priming.
D)Regardless of SOA,implicit priming will overwhelm explicit priming.
Q4) What type of memory process does a schema or script aid in?
Q5) A category that is created on the fly is called a(n)__________ category.
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT an explanation of infantile amnesia?
A)hippocampus development
B)development of the concept of the self
C)increase in procedural memories
D)increased language skills
Q2) The most likely problem for the effective and fair use of eyewitness testimony in court proceedings is __________.
A)humans' poor gist accuracy
B)humans' poor detail accuracy
C)human use of case grammar
D)humans' adoption of script theory
Q3) Studies of autobiographical memory reveal memory for one's life story.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Cryptomnesia is more likely to occur when __________.
A)prospective memory is involved
B)attention is focused
C)attention is divided
D)judgments of learning are low
Q5) The two basic kinds of prospective memory are ____________ and
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Chapter 9: Language
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inability of a native Spanish-speaking monolingual individual to differentiate "EYES" from "ICE" reflects __________.
A)semantic categorization
B)morpheme-based processing
C)categorical perception
D)syntactic analysis
Q2) Case grammar can handle figurative use of words (e.g.,the stressors chased him in his sleep).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Features or characteristics that are common to all languages are __________.
A)a linguistic universal
B)a "true" language
C)a semanticity test
D)a Chinese room test
Q4) Exposure to a syntactic structure can prime future use of that structure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The study of the sounds of a language is called ________.
Q6) What is polysemy?
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The act of using a pronoun or possessive later on is __________.
A)the recency effect
B)an anaphoric reference
C)situational cueing
D)facilitation of structure building
Q2) What is it called when people spend time trying to learn information that is beyond their current level of knowledge?
A)pragmatics
B)labor in vain
C)region of proximal learning
D)misunderstanding
Q3) Work in cognitive science has shown that research and findings from language comprehension can be extended to understanding how people process __________.
A)word lists
B)snapshots
C)nonsense syllables
D)films
Q4) What is the name of the effect that shows that people typically start by studying information that is way too hard for them?
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When doing counterfactual thinking,what kind of change is the easiest to imagine and then base decisions upon?
A)uphill
B)downhill
C)transverse
D)inverted
Q2) When we alter an unusual story element,substituting a more typical or normal element in its place,we refer to this as reflecting __________.
A)the simulation heuristic
B)downhill change
C)uphill change
D)the familiarity bias
Q3) Using concrete rather than abstract concepts tends to improve reasoning accuracy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the SNARC effect?
Q5) What is the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?
Q6) Why might we care about naïve physics?
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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106 Verified Questions
106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Analogy is used in problem solving __________.
A)by comparing the current situation to other similar ones
B)in a way that assesses the non-digital components
C)to always be successful
D)at the outset
Q2) For insight problems,the feeling of getting "warmer" as one closes in on the solution __________.
A)is a strong indicator
B)is largely absent
C)reveals itself in the verbal protocols
D)is experienced in moderation
Q3) A German term adopted into psychological terminology referring to an entire pattern,form,or configuration is __________.
A)Eichler
B)Eichenbaum
C)Gestalt
D)Diatrics
Q4) The early work on problem solving was done by the German _____________ psychologists.
Q5) A problem that has clear initial and end states is called _______________
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inverted U-shaped function showing that there is better memory for events that elicit moderate levels of emotional arousal is called the _______________ .
Q2) Stereotype threat is __________.
A)doing worse because of the activation of negative stereotype about oneself
B)negative responses to a person who makes decisions based on stereotypes
C)threating someone else based on your negative stereotypes
D)the threat of legal action resulting from having been found to make decisions using stereotypes
Q3) Prosody is processed more by the right hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Stress always impairs performance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Prosody is __________.
A)the manual gesture that accompanies speaking
B)the facial expression that accompanies speaking
C)the accent one speaks with
D)the up and down pitch of speech to convey emotions
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Language processing is relatively well-preserved at the __________ level for older adults.
A)verbatim
B)situation model
C)textbase
D)propositional
Q2) What do changes in neural firing mean for older adults?
A)Some neurotransmitters stop working.
B)Emotions are stunted.
C)Their hair turns white.
D)Cognition proceeds more slowly.
Q3) With the natural aging process,semantic priming effects __________.
A)stay the same
B)grow larger
C)grow smaller
D)become more fragmented
Q4) According to Vygotsky,children acquire new knowledge that is in their zone of _____________.
Q5) The idea of how many objects are in a perceptual display is called
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