Psychology of Aging
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of Aging explores the psychological processes and changes that occur as individuals grow older, with an emphasis on cognitive, emotional, and social development throughout adulthood and late life. The course examines key theories of aging, age-related changes in perception, memory, and intelligence, as well as psychosocial factors such as identity, personality, mental health, and relationships. Students also learn about challenges faced by older adults, including ageism, coping with loss, and adaptation to retirement, while exploring interventions and strategies to promote successful aging and quality of life in later years.
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Essentials of Life Span Development 2nd Edition by John W. Santrock
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Chapter 1: Introduction-Chapter
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Q1) Life-span psychologists generally agree that:
A)stability correctly characterizes development;change does not.
B)change correctly characterizes development;stability does not.
C)neither stability nor change correctly characterizes development.
D)developmental includes both stability and change.
Answer: D
Q2) Dr.Wong is a cognitive theorist,so we know that he will stress the importance of __________ for understanding development.
A)conscious thoughts
B)repressed memories
C)reciprocal interactions
D)the effects of genes and evolution on the development of intelligence
Answer: A
Q3) A way of conceptualizing age in which an individual's adaptive capacities are compared to those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
Answer: psychological age
Q4) The developmental period from birth to about 2 years.
Answer: infancy
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) The prenatal period of development takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception.It includes the creation of the zygote,cell division,and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
Answer: germinal period
Q2) Maternal stress is negatively correlated with a baby's: A)intelligence.
B)language development.
C)heart rate.
D)growth rate.
Answer: B
Q3) It is virtually impossible to locate the genetic factors involved in most psychological characteristics because of the concept of:
A)polygenic dominance.
B)polygenic inheritance.
C)polygenic influence.
D)polygenic counseling.
Answer: B
Q4) An infant that weighs less than 5½ pounds at birth.
Answer: low birth weight infant
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Chapter 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) Behaviorists believe that language is:
A)learned with the learning acquisition device.
B)a special skill that has emerged with biological evolution.
C)a skill controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain.
D)a series of responses acquired through reinforcement.
Answer: D
Q2) Two-month-old Antonio is listening as his mother sings him a lullaby.He is making a gurgling sound and seems very happy.Antonio is:
A)babbling.
B)gesturing.
C)cooing.
D)imitating.
Answer: C
Q3) According to Jean Piaget,the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen,heard,or touched.
Answer: object permanence
Q4) An area in the left hemisphere of the brain that is involved in language comprehension.
Answer: Wernicke's area
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Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) This theorist was interested in individual differences in attachment and developed the observational measure called the Strange Situation in order to formulate and test his/her theories.
Q2) What is the main problem with labeling children as difficult?
A)It is inaccurate,because all children from time to time can be difficult.
B)It can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C)No child is truly difficult;some parents simply have unreasonably high expectations.
D)It does not take into consideration the environment in which children are being raised.
Q3) The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Q4) A criticism of attachment theory is that:
A)other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life.
B)there are different types of attachment,not just one type.
C)the theory does not explain how attachment relates to other aspects of development such as social development.
D)the theory indicates that children can become attached to parents who are insensitive or abusive.
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Chapter 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD),what are its lower and upper limits,and who is the theorist who developed it?
Q2) Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking in that they indicate an inability to:
A)think symbolically.
B)center attention on one characteristic.
C)distinguish among different perspectives.
D)reflect on the rationale underlying thought.
Q3) At what age do children have a solid understanding of false beliefs?
A)1-2 years
B)2-3 years
C)3-4 years
D)4-5 years
Q4) The memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds,assuming there is no rehearsal of the information.
Q5) Define centration.
Q6) The distance between what a child can accomplish on his/her own,and what he/she can accomplish with assistance from a more knowledgeable other.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) A type of child maltreatment that is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of such things as spanking,punching,and shaking a child.
Q2) About ________ of parents who abuse their children were abused as children themselves.
A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds
Q3) The sense of being male or female,which is usually acquired by 3 years of age.
Q4) From whose theory of cognitive development was the concept of sensorimotor play derived?
A)Anna Freud
B)Erik Erikson
C)Jean Piaget
D)Mildred Parten
Q5) The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
Q6) Briefly contrast the differences in values that low-SES and high-SES parents emphasize in child-rearing.
Q7) List and describe 4 of the 6 types of play identified by Mildred Parten.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and
Late Childhood
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Q1) Research on the effects and consequences of bilingualism has shown that:
A)bilingualism may be related to poorer formal language proficiency.
B)learning one's native language interferes with learning a second language.
C)bilingualism is associated with various cognitive deficits.
D)bilingualism leads to poorer social adjustment.
Q2) Tavonte has been having serious problems in his math class.As hard as he and his teachers have tried,he is having major difficulty grasping the basic concepts of arithmetic functions.Which learning disorder might Tavonte be suffering with?
A)dyscalculia
B)dysgraphia
C)dyslexia
D)disorder of executive functioning
Q3) Seven-year-old Milaka can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper,something she could not do well at age 5.What best accounts for her improving dexterity?
A)practice
B)increased myelination in the central nervous system
C)increased bone ossification
D)increased muscle development
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) A peer status held by children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by peers.
Q2) Children who are bullied have increased feelings of: A)loneliness.
B)difficulty making friends.
C)depression.
D)all of these.
Q3) Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development,appearing during middle and late childhood,is called:
A)industry versus inferiority.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)ego integrity versus ego despair.
D)ego autonomy versus ego independence.
Q4) Older children are better at coping with stress than younger children for all of the following reasons,EXCEPT:
A)they have better cognitive coping strategies.
B)they are better able to deny stressful events.
C)they are better at reframing stressful events.
D)they are better at shifting their thoughts to a less stressful stimulus.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) The personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent: A)coregulation.
B)expression.
C)egocentrism.
D)object permanence.
Q2) What is most noticeable about increases in height during puberty?
A)A major portion of a person's eventual height is added during puberty.
B)There is very little difference between males and females during this time.
C)Males' height increases both earlier and more than females' height.
D)For a brief period of time,increases in height in puberty are very rapid.
Q3) Recent research about hormones and behavior have found the relationship to be: A)unidirectional.
B)bidirectional.
C)correlative.
D)not statistically significant.
Q4) An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Q5) This theorist suggested that adolescent egocentrism is characterized by "the imaginary audience" and the "personal fable."
Q6) Discuss two aspects of adolescent egocentrism.
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Which group of U.S.adolescents has the lowest rate of juvenile criminal offenses?
A)females
B)African Americans
C)the poor
D)Latinos
Q2) According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory,this is the 5<sup>th</sup> developmental stage.It is experienced during adolescence.
Q3) In the study of adolescent development,many differences that are found between ethnic groups (African-Americans,whites,Latinos,etc. )are really results of:
A)race.
B)genetics.
C)cultural mores.
D)socioeconomic levels.
Q4) Juvenile delinquency is negatively correlated with:
A)income.
B)parental monitoring.
C)having older siblings and friends who are not delinquent.
D)all of the above.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Lauren was recently a victim of rape and is receiving counseling.Knowing the effects of rape,her counselor can predict that there is a 1 in _________ chance that Lauren will suffer some type of sexual dysfunction or reduced sexual desire if she does not receive effective counseling.
A)2
B)5
C)10
D)20
Q2) Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent.
Q3) Which of the following is a controversy concerning the value of dieting?
A)whether people actually lose weight when they are dieting
B)whether people can keep off the weight they lose by dieting
C)whether diets work equally well for men and for women
D)whether there is really a true "healthy" weight for individuals
Q4) Which of the following statements about creativity is most accurate?
A)Creativity declines with age.
B)Older people are more creative than younger people.
C)The peak of creativity is reached by the 20s.
D)Relative to age,creativity is based on the field in which it is demonstrated.
Q5) Explain the postformal stage of thought.
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Since the early 1900s,the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has:
A)become even more important than ever.
B)decreased in its level of relative importance.
C)replaced self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
D)been replaced by self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
Q2) According to Erik Erikson,if individuals do not develop intimacy,they face:
A)low self-esteem.
B)insecure attachment.
C)despair.
D)isolation.
Q3) The major change in the last 60 years that has increased the fragility of marriages is:
A)the rise in age at which people choose to marry.
B)the tendency to wait longer before having children.
C)the push for economic success.
D)the desire for personal fulfillment both inside and outside of marriage.
Q4) According to the triarchic theory of love,this type of love only includes passion.
Q5) This individual has proposed a five-step model of how to make a marriage work.
Q6) This theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) Briefly discuss the conditions that may occur with menopause.
Q2) Disorders that are characterized by slow onset and long duration.They are rare in early adulthood,they increase during middle adulthood,and they become common in late adulthood.
Q3) What is the most common change in sleep patterns of adults during middle age?
A)They spend more time in REM sleep.
B)They sleep about 30 to 45 minutes less each night.
C)They take more frequent naps during the day.
D)They spend less time in deep sleep.
Q4) Distinguish between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence,and explain how they change in middle adulthood.
Q5) The term __________ is given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
A)arthritis
B)sarcopenia
C)osteoporosis
D)muscular dystrophy
Q6) This theorist proposed that two kinds of intelligences (knowledge of facts and the ability to reason abstractly)could be identified,and each of these intelligences were differentially affected as one aged.
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) In a survey conducted by AARP (2004),the primary reason middle-aged and older women cited for wanting a divorce was:
A)verbal,physical,or emotional abuse.
B)alcohol or drug abuse.
C)cheating.
D)no obvious problems,they just fell out of love.
Q2) In the Gusii culture of Kenya,most middle-aged adults:
A)experience a mild midlife crisis.
B)do not have a clearly labeled midlife crisis.
C)experience multiple midlife crises.
D)experience a traumatic midlife crisis.
Q3) Stephan and Suzanne have just waved good-bye to their youngest daughter as she leaves for her honeymoon;she is the last of their children to leave home.Stephan turns to Suzanne and says,"Free at last!" Suzanne feels happier than she has in years.Stephan and Suzanne are:
A)suffering from the empty nest syndrome.
B)emotionally unattached to their children.
C)normal in their response to the departure of their children.
D)living through their children's lives rather than living for themselves.
Q4) Describe the empty nest syndrome.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following best summarizes the relation between exercise and longevity?
A)Exercise can reverse many of the signs of aging.
B)Exercise can significantly increase the life spans of humans.
C)Exercise helps improve and maintain health in older adults.
D)Exercise has many physical but few psychological benefits in older adults.
Q2) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding smell and taste in the elderly?
A)There are usually no signs of decline in these senses as we age.
B)Smell significantly decreases,but taste remains about the same.
C)Healthy elders have less decline than do less healthy elder adults.
D)Our senses of smell and taste become more sensitive as we age.
Q3) Dr.LaRossa has spent her career studying the causes of aging.She hypothesizes that as we age,our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing.Dr.LaRossa espouses the ________ theory of aging.
A)telomerase-injection
B)cellular clock
C)free-radical
D)hormonal stress
Q4) What does "use it or lose it" mean?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:
A)assortment,enhancement,and remuneration.
B)option,compensation,and optimization.
C)selection,optimization,and compensation.
D)remuneration,selection,and enhancement.
Q2) Social support is negatively correlated with:
A)happiness.
B)socioeconomic status.
C)longevity.
D)disease.
Q3) How do many African Americans cope with the challenges of growing older in a racist and ageist society?
A)they rely on family networks and often the church
B)they rely on the kindness and generosity of whites and other Americans
C)they rely on government programs that make up for the discrimination
D)they rely on the extra welfare and Social Security they will receive for being minority poor
Q4) Name and briefly discuss Erikson's final stage of development.
Page 18
Q5) Describe the socioemotional selectivity theory.
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Chapter 17: Death, Dying, and Grieving
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Q1) Damon placed a pillow over his terminally ill wife and smothered her to end her suffering.This is an example of:
A)passive euthanasia.
B)active euthanasia.
C)natural euthanasia.
D)acceptable euthanasia.
Q2) Recent scientific advances in the United States have led to more people:
A)dying a painless and easy death in their own home.
B)living a better-quality life in their final stages of dying.
C)dying a painless and easy death in the hospital.
D)suffering more and in pain longer before they die.
Q3) Approximately __________ of corpses are disposed of by cremation.
A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)two-thirds
D)three-quarters
Q4) A program committed to making the end of life as free from pain,anxiety,and depression as possible.
Q5) Distinguish between the goals of a hospital and hospice care.
Q6) Define euthanasia.Name and describe the two types of euthanasia.
Page 19
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