Psychological Science
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Psychological Science explores the systematic study of behavior and mental processes, drawing on empirical research and scientific methods. This course covers key concepts such as perception, cognition, learning, development, emotion, motivation, and personality. Students gain insight into the biological bases of behavior, psychological disorders, treatment approaches, and the influence of social and cultural factors. Through critical evaluation of classic and contemporary studies, students develop skills in scientific reasoning, data interpretation, and application of psychological principles to everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Psychology 10th Edition by Myers
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Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nicole has been unusually quick in learning to excel in the highly competitive sports training programs at her school because she is more genetically predisposed to crave excitement and challenge than are her classmates.This BEST illustrates that A) some ideas are innate.
B) introspection reveals the structure of our minds.
C) nurture works on what nature endows.
D) nature selects traits that best enable us to survive in a particular environment.
Answer: C
Q2) A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called A) random sampling.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) replication.
D) the double-blind procedure.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Biology of Behavior
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Q1) The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the A) synaptic gap.
B) spinal cord.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer: B
Q2) Sensory neurons are ________ neurons,and motor neurons are ________ neurons.
A) agonist;antagonist
B) afferent;efferent
C) antagonist;agonist
D) efferent;afferent
Answer: B
Q3) Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as
A) dopamine.
B) epinephrine.
C) acetylcholine.
D) insulin.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind
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Q1) Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that A) less than one-third of Americans who have ever smoked cigarettes have ever quit.
B) regular marijuana smokers typically need to take progressively larger doses to feel the same effect.
C) many people do voluntarily stop using addictive drugs without any treatment.
D) the majority of people who try cocaine become addicted within 10 years of first use.
Answer: C
Q2) To prevent or reduce marijuana use,young people should be educated about A) the tendency for teens to underestimate marijuana usage among their peers.
B) the increased self-consciousness caused by marijuana use.
C) the need for increasingly larger doses of marijuana to produce the desired high.
D) the long-term costs of regular marijuana use.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span
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Q1) Which of the following factors is important for the development of attachment bonds between human infants and their mothers?
A) conservation
B) familiarity
C) egocentrism
D) stranger anxiety
Q2) According to Piaget's theory,during the concrete operational stage,a child is still unlikely to demonstrate
A) object permanence.
B) comprehension of mathematical transformations.
C) the ability to think hypothetically.
D) any evidence of logic.
Q3) According to Piaget,imagining an action and mentally reversing it would be an example of a
A) pruning process.
B) critical period.
C) mental operation.
D) sensorimotor action.
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Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an STI?
A) herpes
B) pedophilia
C) premature ejaculation
D) female orgasmic disorder
Q2) Janice and Tre are kissing and caressing each other.They are both sexually aroused and decide to engage in intercourse.According to Masters and Johnson,the correct order of the stages of the sexual response cycle the two of them will experience is
A) plateau,excitement,orgasm,and resolution.
B) resolution,excitement,plateau,and orgasm.
C) excitement,plateau,orgasm,and resolution.
D) orgasm,excitement,plateau,and resolution.
Q3) Women's sexual orientation tends to be ________ strongly held and ________ variable over time than that of men.
A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less
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Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thousands of controlled experiments indicate that A) many people have ESP.
B) ESP exists only in a few specially gifted people.
C) there is no reliable evidence that anyone possesses ESP. D) it is impossible to conduct scientifically valid tests for ESP.
Q2) Although a few keys on the piano were broken,Shana mentally filled in the missing notes of the familiar melodies.This best illustrates the principle of A) proximity.
B) closure.
C) blindsight.
D) interposition.
Q3) Because the football game was interrupted by a long halftime,5-year-old Mark mistakenly concluded that the first and second halves of play were two different games.His experience best illustrates the organizational principle of A) continuity.
B) proximity.
C) interposition.
D) closure.
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Chapter 7: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an activity:
A) with the least amount of effort necessary.
B) because it will improve one's reputation.
C) in order to avoid anxiety.
D) for the sake of its own enjoyment.
Q2) Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone.Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes,while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells,regardless of the number of calls he makes.Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule,whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
A) variable-ratio;fixed-ratio
B) fixed-ratio;variable-ratio
C) fixed-ratio;variable-interval
D) fixed-interval;variable-ratio
Q3) Through classical conditioning we learn to associate:
A) CS with a US.
B) a response with a reward.
C) a US with a UR.
D) a UR with a CR.
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Chapter 8: Memory
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Q1) After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident,several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case.This provides an example of
A) proactive interference.
B) déjà vu.
C) automatic processing.
D) the misinformation effect.
Q2) Mr.Nydam is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course.Yet the more he plays the course,the more his game improves.His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between:
A) short-term memory and long-term memory.
B) massed practice and distributed practice.
C) explicit memory and implicit memory.
D) recognition and recall.
Q3) Describe two mnemonic techniques that would enable you to remember the following list of grocery items: milk,eggs,margarine,oranges,rhubarb,ice cream,eggplant,and sausage.Explain why each would be effective.
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Chapter 9: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Q1) According to Robert Sternberg's ________ theory,there are ________ intelligences.
A) six-factor;six
B) five-intelligences;five
C) quadratic;four
D) triarchic;three
Q2) Broca's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe.
A) frontal
B) occipital
C) temporal
D) parietal
Q3) Belief perseverance refers to:
A) a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.
B) approaching a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past.
C) a methodical procedure that guarantees the eventual solution of a problem.
D) clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Left prefrontal cortex activation is to right prefrontal cortex activation as ________ is to ________.
A) fear;anger
B) delight;disgust
C) anger;fear
D) disgust;delight
Q2) Destruction of an appetite-suppressing area within the hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to:
A) lower the rat's set point for body weight.
B) cause the rat to become extremely fat.
C) lower the rat's blood insulin levels.
D) increase the rat's basal metabolic rate.
Q3) Exercising regularly and getting enough sleep contribute to a(n)________ in metabolism and a(n)________ in the settling point.
A) increase;increase
B) decrease;decrease
C) increase;decrease
D) decrease;increase
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Chapter 11: Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing
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Q1) After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen,Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses.At this point,Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
A) resistance
B) exhaustion
C) adjustment
D) stress appraisal
Q2) As college students approach final exams they are especially likely to experience a rise in:
A) serotonin.
B) oxytocin.
C) lymphocytes.
D) blood pressure.
Q3) Since 1970,entering U.S.collegians have expressed a(n)________ desire to be wealthy and a(n)________ desire to develop a meaningful life philosophy.
A) increasing;decreasing
B) increasing;increasing
C) decreasing;decreasing
D) decreasing;increasing
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Chapter 12: Social Psychology
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Q1) Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue.Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
A) even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.
B) convinced that the death penalty should be retained.
C) sharply divided over whether the death penalty should be abolished.
D) in favor of a more moderate position on the issue.
Q2) The high levels of obedience in the Milgram experiments are least likely to be attributable to
A) the perceived legitimacy of the commanding authority figure.
B) an aspect of gender-related behavior found only in males.
C) the placement of "teacher" and "learner" in separate rooms.
D) the very gradual increase in shock level ordered after each new learning error.
Q3) The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are A) attributions.
B) norms.
C) division of labor.
D) normative social influences.
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many normal adults as disordered.This indicates that the test has little
A) consensus.
B) interpretive value.
C) genuineness.
D) validity.
Q2) Twelve-year-old Jack wants to buy a new video game,but he is $5 short.He considers sneaking the money from his older brother's room but instead asks his father if he may cut the grass as a way of earning the money.According to Freud,asking to earn the money comes from the ________,which provides a compromise solution that reflects the ________ principle.
A) id;pleasure
B) ego;pleasure
C) id;reality
D) ego;reality
Q3) Freud thought that the part of a dream we remember is a censored version of A) the Oedipus complex.
B) the reality principle.
C) unconscious wishes.
D) the pleasure principle.
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Mental health workers are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is
A) consciously motivated.
B) difficult to change.
C) biologically influenced.
D) personally distressful.
Q2) The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of A) social circumstances and psychological factors.
B) biological evolution.
C) the DSM-5.
D) genetically influenced abnormalities.
Q3) Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating.Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of A) anorexia nervosa.
B) a fugue state.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) personality disorder.
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Chapter 15: Therapy
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Q1) Which form of psychotherapy is most likely to focus on providing clients with insight into themes evident in their troubling and recurring patterns of social interaction in a variety of important relationships?
A) client-centered therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) behavior modification
Q2) Considering the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing is most clearly facilitated by a ________ approach to therapy.
A) biomedical
B) psychodynamic
C) biopsychosocial
D) client-centered
Q3) Which form of psychotherapy has had especially good results in treating phobias?
A) dialectical behavior therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) client-centered therapy
D) behavioral conditioning therapy
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Chapter 16: Exploring the Role of Industrial-Organizational Psychology
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Q1) Lisbeth views her work only as a way to make the money she needs to do the things she enjoys.Lisbeth apparently views her work as a
A) calling.
B) job.
C) contract.
D) career.
Q2) We can most accurately estimate the mean of a population if
A) a sample is large in size and low in variability.
B) a sample is small in size and high in variability.
C) a sample is large in size and high in variability.
D) a sample is small in size and low in variability.
Q3) Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which intelligence test scores can be used to predict grades in school?
A) mean
B) standard deviation
C) correlation coefficient
D) range
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