Psychological Research Methods
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Psychological Research Methods introduces students to the fundamental principles and techniques used in psychological research. The course covers the scientific method, research design, data collection techniques, ethical considerations, and statistical analysis. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, develop testable hypotheses, and critically evaluate research findings. Emphasis is placed on both qualitative and quantitative methods, providing a comprehensive understanding of how psychologists conduct and interpret research to advance the field. Practical exercises and projects enable students to apply methodological concepts and enhance their analytical and critical thinking skills.
Recommended Textbook
Memory Foundations and Applications 3rd Edition by Bennett L. Schwartz
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13 Chapters
1177 Verified Questions
1177 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Memory
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The recency effect results in the maintenance of working memory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) You witnessed a crime and the police asks you to describe as much as you can about the crime.Which test of memory will be used?
A)recognition test
B)recall test
C)reactive test
D)responsibility test
Answer: B
Q3) What term best describes reduction in time required to relearn a previously mastered list?
A)forgetting curve
B)savings score
C)mnemonic graph
D)retention graph
Answer: B
Q4) Memory forms a sense of self and ______.
Answer: personality
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Chapter 2: Memory and the Brain
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the role of the neurotansmitters in neural circuits. Answer: inhibit and excite.
Q2) Self-regulation of memory is most associated with which lobe of the Cerebral Cortex?
A)occipital
B)parietal
C)frontal
D)temporal
Answer: C
Q3) The Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and Frontal Lobe are all known as what type of lobes?
A)Frontal Cortex
B)Prefrontal Cortex
C)Cortical
D)Temporal Cortex
Answer: C
Q4) The brain is divisible into two ______ halves, oriented in the left-right direction. Answer: symmetrical
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Working Memory
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term for repeating information over and over is called:
A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)rehearsal.
C)elaborative rehearsal.
D)attention rehearsal.
Answer: A
Q2) In working memory, the sub-system responsible for working memory for sounds is the:
A)phonological loop.
B)visuospatial sketchpad.
C)episodic buffer.
D)central executive.
Answer: A
Q3) The term used for a basic unit of information in working memory which may be decomposable into more information.
A)cap
B)digit
C)span
D)chunk
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Episodic Memory
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82 Verified Questions
82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scullin and Bugg (2012) examined prospective memory.They found one error that occurred in prospective memory was:
A)repeating a task that had already been performed.
B)not directing their forgetting to prospective memory.
C)indicating that their memory was semantic not episodic.
D)not checking the clock when they were supposed to.
Q2) The Largent Temperata has been shown to be critical in prospective memory tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the difference between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal.
Q4) Eich et al. (1975) examined the influence of marijuana on people's memory.He found that:
A)marijuana is always a memory enhancer.
B)participants preferred learning when not using marijuana.
C)marijuana hurts memory performance even in working memory tests.
D)state-dependent learning applies to drugs, such as marijuana.
Q5) Explain semantic memory and give one example of this system.
Q6) Explain episodic memory and give one example of this system.
Q7) Retrieval from episodic memory draws on more ______ lobe processes than does semantic memory.
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Chapter 5: Semantic Memory
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sentences is true?
A)A schema is a script used to generate lexical knowledge.
B)A schema is generalized knowledge about an event, a person, or a situation.
C)A schema is a means of activating individual category nodes.
D)A schema is a superordinate category.
Q2) "Birds have wings" will be verified faster than "Birds have blood," because:
A)activation spreads more quickly between related nodes.
B)more general characteristics are always more quickly mediated.
C)more general characteristics are often primed by sentence activation.
D)activation does not spread across categories.
Q3) Which is an example of a fuzzy category?
A)all isosceles triangles
B)whole numbers
C)Asian-Americans
D)none of the above
Q4) Explain semantic priming and its relation to the term lexical decision task.
Q5) A ______ is a mental construct referring to a set of objects or ideas that are grouped together or are associated with each other.
Q6) Explain the Prototype theory.
Q7) Describe the associative model of memory.
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Chapter 6: Visual Memory
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Photographic memory is based only on factual information.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Propositional representation means that:
A)the cognitive representation of images is stored in an abstract language-like code.
B)the cognitive representation of images is stored as a picture in a visual format.
C)the cognitive representation of images is stored in episodic memory only.
D)the cognitive representation of images is stored in olfactory form.
Q3) The ______ face area is a part of the inferior-tempeoral cortex
Q4) Wang and Thomas found that the keyword technique was good for ______ learning but that elaborative encoding led to better ______.
A)conjugate; working memory
B)rapid; retention over a long period of time
C)conditional; representation of all aspects of the stimuli
D)semantic; visual encoding
Q5) Analog representations are in a language-like code.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Autobiographical Memory
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kensinger and Schacter (2006) examined memories of baseball fans in New York and Boston for the surprise Game 7 victory of the Boston Red Sox over the New York Yankees in the American League Championship in 2004.They found that:
A)because it was a negative event for New York fans, they showed extreme overconfidence in their memory.
B)despite the difference in emotional valence, there were no differences between Boston fans and New York fans.
C)because it was a positive event for Boston fans, they showed greater accuracy in their memories.
D)because it was a positive event for Boston fans, they showed greater more overconfidence in their memories.
Q2) Childhood amnesia refers to:
A)the poor memory of children for episodic details.
B)the poor memory of children for semantic knowledge.
C)the poor memory of adults for children.
D)the poor memory of adults for events from early childhood and infancy.
Q3) Explain the results of Willem Wagenaar's work in a landmark diary study.
Q4) Explain the psychodynamic view of childhood amnesia.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: False Memory
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the function of hypnosis.
Q2) Repression can be defined as the:
A)the inhibition of retrieval.
B)the process whereby hypnotic suggestions are made during recovery.
C)the recovery of false memories during psychotherapy.
D)forgetting of highly emotional memories, usually from childhood.
Q3) If you false report a memory of an imagined event as really happening, your false memory has arisen because of Source-monitoring problems.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Correspondence means that:
A)a memory has not been properly encoded.
B)recollective experience matches the actual event that actually occurred in the past.
C)a false memory has occurred.
D)a flashbulb memory is likely to occur.
Q5) Describe critical intrusion.
Q6) Explain active suppression and what action it deliberately forces.
Q7) Explain retrieval bias.
Q8) Explain the "Fuzzy-Trace" theory.
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Chapter 9: Metamemory
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Agenda-based regulation refers to the view that:
A)participants initially develop a plan of study, which includes both their study goals and their study constraints.
B)participants will study easy items if they can get away with it.
C)agendas are encoded differentially compared to cue-target stimuli.
D)the region of proximal learning occurs earlier in development.
Q2) An experiment finds that feelings of knowing are influenced by unconscious access of the remembered target.The direct access theory supports this finding.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Allocation of study time refers to the manner in which people direct their study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Research shows that both college students and middle-school students:
A)are not subject to stability bias.
B)employ region-of-proximal-learning strategies while studying.
C)show underconfidence in retrospective judgments.
D)fail to account for misplaced familiarity while making judgments of learning.
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Chapter 10: Memory Disorders
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does Confabulation affect amnesic patients?
Q2) ______ disease is associated with damage to the diencephalon area of the brain.
Q3) Dissociative fugue refers to:
A)when only the traumatic event or events closely related to that trauma are not remembered.
B)when the patient forgets his or her personal identity in addition to access to their autobiographical past.
C)when the patient shows dissociations between explicit and implicit memory.
D)a rare form of reduplicative paramnesia.
Q4) Which is the most salient symptom of transient global amnesia?
A)an inability to perform working memory tasks
B)strong anterograde amnesia
C)source monitoring deficits
D)a failure to use metamemory
Q5) Retrograde amnesia is seen after concussions because the blow to the head is thought to interfere with the ______ process.
Q6) Amnesia refers to the inability to retrieve new memories following brain damage.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Memory in Childhood
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In imitation, an infant must:
A)kick in response to an absent mobile.
B)demonstrate conservation of mass.
C)recognize a familiar person.
D)copy the physical actions of another.
Q2) Young children's metacognition tends to show which of these phenomena?
A)JOLs do not predict performance
B)overconfident judgments
C)suggestible metacognition
D)strategic usage of false belief
Q3) Which of the following summarizes the research on children's eyewitness memory?
A)Young children are less prone to suggestibility than older children.
B)Children should never be asked to be witnesses in actual criminal investigations.
C)Relative to adults, children show less suggestibility.
D)Younger children are more prone to suggestibility than older children.
Q4) In imitation, an infant must ______ the physical actions of another.
Q5) Describe the false-belief test.
Q6) Explain Wimmer and Perner's (1983) experiment on false belief.
Q7) Explain the theory of the mind.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Memory in Older Adults
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Sample Questions
Q1) With respect to memory accuracy, older adults are:
A)equally accurate relative to younger adults.
B)more accurate relative to younger adults.
C)less accurate relative to younger adults.
D)simultaneously more and less accurate relative to younger adults.
Q2) When older adults ______ an object, they are often forget the correction that led them to correctly identify the object.
Q3) When older adults misperceive an object, they are:
A)more likely to show inattention blindness.
B)less likely to show visual-auditory feedback.
C)often forget the correction that led them to correctly identify the object.
D)less likely to know the correct target name of the object than if they had correctly perceived initially.
Q4) With respect to memory accuracy, older adults are much higher in accuracy relative to younger adults.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Declines in the size of the ______ lobe are associated with declines in memory performance in older adults.
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Chapter 13: Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ organization is an example of the process for meaning broad principle of memory.
Q2) ACE stands for Association of Continuing Education.If ACE is used to remember this organization, it is said to be an:
A)acronym.
B)acrostic.
C)antonym.
D)archaism.
Q3) Acronyms and ______ are helpful for remembering arbitrary associations.
Q4) Judgments of learning improve memory by:
A)making a JOL superior in memory improvement to retrieval practice.
B)alerting us to those items that need further study.
C)providing the appropriate retrieval cues.
D)accurately predicting future test performance.
Q5) Explain stability bias.
Q6) One truism of memory improvement is there is no magic bullet-memory improvement requires work.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Describe encoding specificity.
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