Psychobiology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Psychobiology explores the intricate relationship between biological processes and behavior, focusing on how the brain and nervous system influence thoughts, emotions, and actions. This interdisciplinary course integrates concepts from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and physiology to examine topics such as neural communication, sensory systems, brain structure and function, hormonal regulation, genetics, and the biological underpinnings of mental health and behavior. Students will gain an understanding of how experimental methods are used to investigate the biological bases of learning, memory, motivation, emotion, and psychological disorders, preparing them for advanced study in behavioral and health sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience An Introduction to Biological Psychology 4th Edition by Laura
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16 Chapters
2642 Verified Questions
2642 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although phrenology is mostly wrong, what did phrenologists get right about the nervous system?
A) The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain.
B) Sensation and movement have separate pathways.
C) Neurons communicate using electrical signals.
D) Some functions can be localized in the brain.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following outcomes were among the implications of Rene Descartes's mind-body dualism?
A) Increased animal experimentation due to the belief that humans and animals had much in common.
B) Animal experimentation that appears cruel by modern standards, due to the belief that only humans possessed "mind."
C) Avoidance of animal experimentation due to respect for the animal "mind."
D) Improvements in ethical guidelines for the use of animals in research due to the recognition of animal "minds."
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System
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202 Verified Questions
202 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following structures is found in humans but not in other animals?
A) periaqueductal gray
B) the superior colliculi
C) the neodentate nucleus
D) the substantia nigra
Answer: C
Q2) Cindy brought a fake rubber snake into the lab where her rhesus monkeys lived. Most of the monkeys responded with fear vocalizations, but one did not. Cindy knew this monkey had been in a lesion experiment prior to coming to her lab, but she didn't know what type of lesion had been done. What would you tell Cindy about her monkey?
A) He probably didn't have a lesion at all, as ignoring fake snakes is considered normal for rhesus monkeys.
B) He probably had a lesion in the hippocampus of both hemispheres.
C) He probably had a lesion in the amygdala of both hemispheres.
D) He probably had a lesion of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Answer: C
Q3) The ______ contributes to muscle coordination, muscle tone, balance, and some types of learning.
Answer: cerebellum
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Neurophysiology: The Structure and Functions of the
Cells of the Nervous System
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163 Verified Questions
163 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Myelinated axons have large numbers of ion channels
A) along the entire length.
B) at the axon hillock and nodes of Ranvier.
C) only at the axon terminals.
D) only at the axon hillock.
Answer: B
Q2) Calcium channels
A) are evenly distributed down the length of the axon.
B) are rare along the length of the axon but are found in large quantities on the axon terminal.
C) are rare at the axon terminal but are found in large quantities down the length of the axon.
D) occur on the cell body and dendrites but rarely on axons.
Answer: B
Q3) Pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex are examples of A) unipolar neurons.
B) bipolar neurons.
C) multipolar neurons.
D) Purkinje cells.
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) L-dopa is the precursor molecule in the synthesis of A) dopamine only.
B) dopamine and epinephrine.
C) dopamine and norepinephrine.
D) dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Q2) Reserpine acts as a monoamine antagonist by
A) preventing the reuptake of the neurochemicals into vesicles.
B) blocking the release of the neurochemicals.
C) interfering with the synthesis of the neurochemicals.
D) blocking the receptors for the neurochemicals.
Q3) While an agonist mimics the effect of the endogenous neurochemical, an antagonist can either mimic or block the normal neurochemical's effect.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A drug that mimics the action of a neurochemical is known as a(n) A) agonist.
B) antagonist.
C) facilitator.
D) enabler.
Q5) Alcohol produces its effects by acting on the ______ receptor.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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147 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amber and Rachel are identical twins who were raised together, and Nicole and Kayla are identical twins who were adopted by different families at birth. Based on the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, what can we expect to see as these girls grow up?
A) Amber and Rachel will be have more similar nonreligious social attitudes than Nicole and Kayla.
B) Amber and Rachel will show about the same similarities in their nonreligious social attitudes as Nicole and Kayla.
C) Amber and Rachel will show less similarity in their nonreligious social attitudes than Nicole and Kayla.
D) None of the twins will share any substantial similarities in nonreligious social attitudes with her twin.
Q2) In human development, which germ layer gives rise to the muscles, connective tissue, and bone and blood vessels?
A) the endoderm
B) the mesoderm
C) the ectoderm
D) the blastoderm
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Vision
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171 Verified Questions
171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Elanor is unable to recognize faces, even if they should be familiar to her (e.g., her daughter). She is likely to be diagnosed with A) prosopagnosia.
B) scotomas.
C) cataracts.
D) astigmatism.
Q2) Amacrine cells form direct connections with A) photoreceptors and bipolar cells.
B) photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
C) horizontal cells and bipolar cells.
D) bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other amacrine cells.
Q3) Among the advantages of light as a stimulus is the fact that light A) passes through any medium.
B) is absorbed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
C) does not travel in straight lines.
D) travels very quickly.
Q4) Describe some of the changes in vision that most of us can expect to experience as we age. Based on these changes, what recommendations would you make for senior drivers?
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Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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165 Verified Questions
165 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) High frequency sounds
A) produce a weaker signal in the ear farthest away from the sound.
B) produce a weaker signal in the ear nearest the sound.
C) produce a "sound shadow" on the ear nearest the sound.
D) cannot be effectively localized.
Q2) Which of the following canals are actually connected to each other?
A) the vestibular and tympanic canals
B) the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct
C) the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct
D) the auditory and vestibular canals
Q3) Lauren loves very hot, spicy foods full of pepper. Sometimes, her friends can't eat the food she prepares because they actually feel like their mouths have been burned. It is likely that this response results from the activity of
A) nociceptors that respond to certain chemicals.
B) warm fibers.
C) mechanoreceptors.
D) a combination of warm and cold fibers.
Q4) Nociceptors are largely responsible for the sensation of pain.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Movement
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164 Verified Questions
164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Slow-twitch fibers and fast-twitch fibers are both a type of A) myosin filament.
B) actin filament.
C) myofibril.
D) sarcomere.
Q2) Professor Van Zile tells his class that, in a resting muscle fiber, _________ binding sites are covered by a protein called _________.
A) actin; tropomyosin
B) actin; troponin
C) myosin; tropomyosin
D) myosin; troponin
Q3) Fast-twitch fibers contract up to _________ times more rapidly than slow-twitch fibers.
A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 12
Q4) Describe the major features of fast- and slow-twitch muscles, and discuss the implications of these different features for movement.
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Chapter 9: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward
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163 Verified Questions
163 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Animals with large body volumes generate _________ animals with small body volumes.
A) more heat than
B) less heat than
C) the same amount of heat as
D) more heat than some animals with small body volumes and less heat than other
Q2) Which of the following occur in response to physiological deficits and disappear when needs are met?
A) set points
B) drive states
C) thermostats
D) states of equilibrium
Q3) Between 1988 and 2015, rates of obesity in the United States
A) remained approximately the same, although other nations experienced rising rates.
B) declined, although other nations experienced rising rates.
C) increased slightly, a trend that also occurred in other nations.
D) increased significantly in all 50 states.
Q4) Samuel works outside. Last summer, he experienced a heat stroke. What occurred and how is this different from a fever?
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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159 Verified Questions
159 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Postpartum depression occurs
A) after giving birth and is typically severe.
B) after giving birth and is typically mild.
C) just before giving birth and is typically severe.
D) just before giving birth and is typically mild.
Q2) An older research study showed that sexual activity in women was correlated with levels of ______, but more modern studies have shown _____ to be more important for female sexual desire.
A) testosterone; estrogens
B) testosterone; androgens
C) estrogens; testosterone
D) estrogens; androgens
Q3) Secondary sex characteristics in humans develop
A) about six weeks after conception.
B) about three months after conception.
C) at birth.
D) at puberty.
Q4) Jan has been diagnosed with CAH. Explain what doctors would predict regarding her choices of toys.
Q5) Discuss how the internal sexual organs develop differently from the gonads.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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169 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Americans are believed to be somewhat sleep deprived because the average adult spends about _____ in bed (and not necessarily asleep).
A) three hours
B) five hours
C) seven hours
D) eight hours
Q2) Restless legs syndrome (RLS) seems to be the result of atypical _____ functioning.
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) melatonin
D) histamine
Q3) The free-running daily cycle of human beings is _________ hours long.
A) between 22 and 23
B) between 23 and 24
C) between 24 and 25
D) more than 30
Q4) The structure labeled number 1 in this illustration is the ____________________, and it receives input from the ____________________ via the ____________ pathway labeled number 3.
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A quick, involuntary response that always occurs in the presence of specific stimuli is called a(n)
A) reflex.
B) instinct.
C) fixed action pattern.
D) learned behavior.
Q2) Poor performance on the delayed DNMS test probably indicates difficulty forming new _________ memories.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) working
Q3) Memory destabilization during retrieval
A) is the same for all types of memories.
B) is more extreme for stronger, older memories.
C) is less extreme for stronger, older memories.
D) does not result in the inclusion of new information present at the time of retrieval.
Q4) LTD occurs in multiple regions of the brain. Explain how LTD occurs in the cerebellum.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cognition
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168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia share some common genetic underpinnings.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Although the split-brain patients studied by Sperry and Gazzaniga were all right-handed, they showed superior performance when using the left hand to A) draw a three-dimensional figure.
B) copy words they saw.
C) copy words they heard.
D) identify objects by touch.
Q3) Imaging studies of people with dyslexia during reading show A) no differences when compared with typical readers.
B) greater activation of Broca's area and less activation of Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus than typical readers.
C) less activation of Broca's area and greater activation of Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus than typical readers.
D) less activation of Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus than typical readers.
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15
Chapter 14: Emotion, Aggression, and Stress
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160 Verified Questions
160 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which sensory modality is most likely to involve processing by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?
A) olfaction
B) taste
C) pain
D) hearing
Q2) Brittany was interning at a rehabilitation facility for people who had experienced brain damage in automobile accidents. She noticed that some of her patients were usually quite cheerful, in spite of their injuries. It is most likely that Brittany's cheerful patients had
A) experienced damage to their right hemispheres.
B) experienced damage to their left hemispheres.
C) damaged both frontal lobes.
D) damaged their cingulate cortices.
Q3) The James-Lange theory of emotion says that we experience
A) physical states prior to subjective feelings.
B) subjective feelings prior to physical responses to emotion.
C) simultaneous physical and subjective responses.
D) subjective feelings without consideration of physical responses.
Q4) Describe the strategies people use in emotion regulation.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychology
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151 Verified Questions
151 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain and other countries during the 1990s probably resulted from
A) spontaneous genetic mutations.
B) housing cattle in too close proximity to infected sheep.
C) the use of ground bone and meat in animal feed.
D) the use of hormones to promote growth in cattle.
Q2) Multiple sclerosis results from
A) strong heritability.
B) exposure to environmental toxins.
C) a combination of modest heritability and environmental factors.
D) excessive exposure to the sun.
Q3) Generalized seizures appear to involve circuits connecting the A) thalamus and cerebral cortex.
B) temporal lobes.
C) hypothalamus and amygdala.
D) basal ganglia and the substantia nigra.
Q4) Describe the two major types of generalized seizures.
Q5) PrPC stands for ____________________, whereas PrPSC stands for ____________________.
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology
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166 Verified Questions
166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with healthy controls, people with autism spectrum disorder show A) increased numbers of minicolumns.
B) reduced numbers of minicolumns.
C) minicolumns that are closer together.
D) larger minicolumns.
Q2) According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), the depression that sometimes accompanies bipolar disorder is quite different than the depression seen in cases of major depressive disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Research has identified several factors that might explain the prevalence of schizophrenia in urban environments. One of them is the stress related to A) "keeping up" with neighbors financially, by buying expensive houses and cars.
B) commuting long distances to work.
C) racism.
D) outdoor noise levels.
Q4) Discuss the difference between an obsession and a compulsion?
Q5) Summarize the biochemical correlates of schizophrenia.
Q6) Lala has been diagnosed with MDD. What treatments options are available to her?
Page 18
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