Principles of Sociology Review
Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and human behavior. This course explores fundamental concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, groups, deviance, social inequality, and social change. Through theoretical frameworks and empirical research, students will examine how individuals interact within various social contexts, how social norms are constructed and maintained, and how broader societal forces shape patterns of behavior and societal development. The course aims to equip students with critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics that underpin social life.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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16 Chapters
2386 Verified Questions
2386 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research
Process
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the main points of Karl Marx's theory of class conflict.
Answer: German economist and philosopher Karl Marx stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. He believed that conflictespecially class conflict-is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society. Class conflict is the struggle between the capitalist class and the working class. The capitalist class, or bourgeoisie, comprises those who own and control the means of production - the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society. The working class, or proletariat, is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood. The capitalist class controls and exploits the masses of struggling workers by paying less than the value of their labor. This exploitation results in workers' alienation-a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from themselves. Marx predicted that the working class would become aware of its exploitation, overthrow the capitalists, and establish a free and classless society.
Q2) One of the great myths about suicide is that people who commit suicide will talk about doing so.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ culture consists of classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences, composed primarily of members of the upper-middle and upper classes, who have the time, money, and knowledge assumed to be necessary for its appreciation.
A)Ideal
B)Real
C)High
D)Popular
Answer: C
Q2) Norms considered to be less important are referred to as __________, which are unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.
A)informal mores
B)folkways
C)informal norms
D)negative sanctions
Answer: C
Q3) Discuss how cultural assumptions are challenged by an encounter with culture shock.
Answer: Not Answer
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are studying for an important exam. Three of your friends convince you to go out drinking although your really feel like you should study. You have experienced A)anticipatory strain.
B)anomie.
C)peer pressure.
D)interactional strain.
Answer: C
Q2) George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which is not one of them?
A)preparatory
B)conventional C)play
D)game
Answer: B
Q3) Summarize Jean Piaget's views on cognitive development.
Answer: Not Answer
Q4) Describe socialization through the life course and resocialization.
Answer: Not Answer
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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141 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) __________ is any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance.
A)deviant quality
B)stigma
C)anomic identity
D)label
Q2) Conflict theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people (for example, owner-worker and employer-employee).
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. Social structure is also important for our human development.
A) Functionalist
B)Conflict
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Premodern
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6
Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologists Robyn Driskell and Larry Lyon concluded that __________ on the Internet do not have geographic and social boundaries, are limited in their scope to specific areas of interest, are psychologically detached from close interpersonal ties, and have only limited concern for their "members."
A)cosmetic communities
B)atmospheric communities
C)virtual communities
D)cyber communities
Q2) __________ leadership provides emotional support for members.
A)Instrumental
B)Expressive
C)Relational
D)Transitional
Q3) A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.
A)social group
B)aggregate
C)category
D)secondary group
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that a bully comes into town and the residents band together in order to oppose the threat. This illustrates which function of deviance?
A)Deviance clarifies rules.
B)Deviance unites a group.
C)Deviance promotes social change.
D)Deviance prevents social chaos.
Q2) Sociologist Walter Reckless suggest that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ containments such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions.
A)inner
B)formal
C)outer
D)informal
Q3) According to sociologist Howard Becker, moral entrepreneurs are often the ones who create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. They use their own perspectives on "right and wrong" to establish the rules by which they expect other people to live.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Sample Questions
Q1) Educational opportunities and life chances are directly linked. Symbolic interactionists view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. Improvements in the educational achievement levels of the poor, people of color, and white women have been cited as evidence that students' abilities are now more important than their class, race, or gender.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Outline sociologist Karl Marx's theory on the relationship to the means of production and apply the theory to contemporary America.
Q3) According to sociologist Diana Pearce, __________refers to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
A)the feminization of poverty
B)matriarchal poverty
C)pink?collar poverty
D)gendered poverty
Q4) The President of the United States has declared that America will be a "classless society." In an attempt to implement this idea, the President has arranged to redistribute all of the wealth and divide it equally across the board.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.
A)Relative-income countries
B)Middle-income countries
C)High-income countries
D)Low-income countries
Q2) Outline classifications of economies by income.
Q3) The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle income and upper-middle income. Bolivia, Columbia, Guatemala, and El Salvador are classified as
A)high-income countries
B)upper-middle-income countries
C)lower-middle-income countries
D)low-income countries
Q4) Summarize Walt Rostow's perspective on global inequality.
Q5) Describe the "three worlds" approach that is used to classify nations of the world.
Q6) In relation to theories of global inequality, discuss the dependency theory.
Q7) Discuss problems in studying global inequality.
Q8) Describe how global wealth and poverty are measured.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discrimination - sociologist Robert Merton's theory
Q2) Outline sociologist Joe Feagin's four major types of discrimination and provide examples of each.
Q3) An umpire dislikes African Americans and with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a/an __________.
A)unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B)unprejudiced discriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)prejudiced discriminator
Q4) One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites' aimed their anger towards African American who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynchings of African Americans. This illustrates which theory?
A)authoritarianism
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)frustration-aggression
Q5) Applying Functionalist perspective on race and ethnic relations
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that __________.
A)male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things
B)female peer groups place more pressure on girls to do "feminine" things than male peer groups place on boys to do "masculine" things
C)peer groups of both sexes are increasingly egalitarian in the 1990s
D)peer groups actually have little influence on adolescent development
Q2) __________ refer(s) to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).
A)Sexual feelings
B)Sexual differentiations
C)Sexual identification
D)Sexual orientation
Q3) Explain your personal perspective on being male or female.
Q4) Muslims use the Book of Muhammed, which is their sacred holy book.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most people in the United States tend to choose marriage partners who are similar to themselves. __________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class.
A)Monogamy
B)Exogamy
C)Homogamy
D)Polygamy
Q2) In regard to women's and men's perceptions about romantic love, sociologist Francesca Cancian points out that __________.
A)women tend to express their feelings nonverbally
B)men tend to express their love through nonverbal actions, such as running an errand for someone
C)women and men tend to express love in much the same manner
D)women tend to interpret men's actions as signs of love regardless of their actual meanings
Q3) Analyze the family from a postmodern perspective.
Q4) Analyze the family from the conflict and feminist perspectives.
Q5) Describe the different forms of marriage patterns found across cultures.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The beliefs of __________ include the following: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), and Shiva (destroyer) are divine. Union with ultimate reality and escape from eternal reincarnation are achieved through yoga, adherence to scripture, and devotion.
A)Christianity
B)Islam
C)Hinduism
D)Judaism
Q2) Conflict theorists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility. From this perspective, students must be taught to put the group's needs ahead of their individual desires and aspirations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Census data reflect that the highest levels of educational attainment are held by
A)Hispanic Americans
B)Asian Americans
C)African Americans
D)Native Americans
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Steel workers who process metal ore and autoworkers who then convert the ore into automobiles, trucks, and buses are engaged in __________ production.
A)quartiary sector
B)tertiary sector
C)secondary sector
D)primary sector
Q2) A postindustrial economy is based on __________ production, which is the provision of services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders.
A)primary sector
B)secondary sector
C)tertiary sector
D)quartiary sector
Q3) __________ requires that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day.
A)Representative democracy
B)Symbolic democracy
C)Direct participatory democracy
D)Independent involvement democracy
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.
A)Managed care programs
B)Fee-for-service
C)Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
D)Third-party servers
Q2) For babies born in the United States in 2004, life expectancy at birth was __________ for males.
A)79.9
B)81.7
C)75.2
D)83.5
Q3) About __________ of people over age 12 have tried marijuana at least once.
A)one-fifth
B)one-fourth
C)one-third
D)one-half
Q4) Summarize paying for medical care in the United States.
Q5) In relation to health and medicine, summarize how the postmodern perspective views the clinical gaze.
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) An important relationship exists between population size and the availability of food, water, energy, and housing. Population size, composition, and distribution are also connected to issues such as poverty, racial and ethnic diversity, shifts in the age structure of society, and concerns about environmental degradation. These issues are of interest to researchers in the field of __________.
A)Graphology
B)Ecology
C)Social psychology
D)Demography
Q2) In 2004, the U.S. infant mortality rate for white infants was __________ live births.
A)3.2 per 1,000
B)5.7 per 1,000
C)7.3 per 1,000
D)9.4 per 1,000
Q3) From a global context, elaborate on the Neo-Malthusian perspective on population growth.
Q4) Discuss mortality as it relates to the study of population.
Q5) Discuss migration as it relates to the study of population.
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to __________ theory, people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change. Social movements arise as a response to people's perception that they have been deprived of their "fair share."
A)value-added
B)resource mobilization
C)social constructionist
D)relative deprivation
Q2) In the 1960s, African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demanded social change. When these protests escalated into violent confrontations, these groups became __________ crowds.
A)conventional
B)casual
C)acting
D)expressive
Q3) Discuss China in regards to its environmental issues.
Q4) State the key assumptions of the social construction theory: frame analysis.
Q5) Distinguish between crowds and masses, and the influence of dominant emotions.
Q6) Summarize the different types of crowd behavior.
Q7) Discuss the relative deprivation theory.
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