Principles of Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the foundational concepts, theories, and methods that underpin the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course explores major psychological perspectives, including biological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural approaches. Topics such as development, personality, learning, perception, memory, motivation, emotions, and mental health are examined to provide a holistic understanding of how individuals think, feel, and act. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students gain critical insights into the relevance of psychology in everyday life and learn the basic principles of psychological research and ethical considerations in the field.
Recommended Textbook psychology concepts and connections brief version 9th edition by spencer a. rathus
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) Angela's psychology instructor tells her students that her goal is to have all of them become critical thinkers. These goals may include all except which of the following?
A)Be curious about behavior.
B)Learn about research methods.
C)Learn to analyze arguments critically.
D)Consider the credentials of the authority.
Answer: D
Q2) Which represents the strongest correlation?
A)+.97
B)-.90
C)+.09
D)-.99
Answer: D
Q3) ________________ are considered two famous neoanalysts.
A)Karen Horney and Sigmund Freud
B)Karen Horney and Erik Erikson
C)Erik Erikson and Freud
D)Erik Erikson and Watson
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Biology and Psychology
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Q1) Andy was in a car accident and hit his head. Later, he had trouble hearing. It's probable that he sustained damage to the __________ lobe.
A)temporal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)frontal
Answer: A
Q2) In _______, the person lies in a powerful magnetic field and is exposed to radio waves that cause part of the brain to emit signals.
A)fMRI
B)PET
C)CAT
D)CBF
Answer: A
Q3) The two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the __________nervous system and the ____________ nervous system.
Answer: somatic; autonomic
Q4) The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and _______________. Answer: norepinephrine
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Mary loves to read "true story" magazines about psychic predictions regarding events in the world. Mary tends to believe in these predictions because so many of them have come true. What Mary does not know is that many "psychics" are wrong in their predictions. This is known as the ________ problem.
A)amnesia
B)falsehood
C)file-drawer
D)publicity
Answer: C
Q2) Carmalita noticed that when objects are far away, they are not as clear as they used to be. Carmalita is becoming
A)nearsighted.
B)farsighted.
C)colorblind.
D)presbyopic.
Answer: A
Q3) The two-point threshold is used to assess sensitivity to ___________.
Answer: pressure
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5
Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Q1) Your nephew is nearly 7 years old and still wets the bed at night. This problem is probably the result of A)laziness.
B)immaturity in his nervous system.
C)his premature birth.
D)sleep terrors.
Q2) Proponents of the medicinal use of marijuana would argue all of the following except A)marijuana contains fewer hydrocarbons than cigarette smoke.
B)marijuana is inexpensive.
C)marijuana helps treat nausea related to chemotherapy.
D)marijuana is reasonably safe when used for medicinal purposes.
Q3) One reason that alcohol seems to "hit harder" in women than in men is A)women tend to drink more.
B)women metabolize very little alcohol in the stomach.
C)women report enjoying alcohol more than men.
D)all of these
Q4) The hypnotic trance is similar to Stage 4 sleep.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two types of reinforcers are
A)primary and secondary.
B)incidental and delayed.
C)primary and negative.
D)positive and negative.
Q2) A child is bitten by a snake. Whenever he sees a snake, he gets scared. Now, whenever he hears the word "snake," he gets scared. The last situation is called
A)higher-order conditioning.
B)reverse conditioning.
C)punishment.
D)partial reinforcement.
Q3) John Watson was criticized for his experiments with Little Albert. One of these criticisms was that he did not attempt to ________ Little Albert, thereby minimizing his fear of white furry objects.
A)countercondition
B)extinguish
C)desensitize
D)discriminate
Q4) Gambling is a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement.
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Chapter 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Past-And Future
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Q1) _________ is to the "save" function as __________ is to the "find" function.
Q2) ________ eye movements occur about four times every second, while ________ holds icons for up to a second. This process ensures that visual information will appear seamless.
A)Saccadic; iconic memory
B)Rapid; short-term memory
C)Rapid; saccadic memory
D)Saccadic; echoic memory
Q3) A psychoanalytical explanation of infantile amnesia would include
A)children have aggressive impulses toward parents that are repressed.
B)children have perverse lusts toward parents that are repressed.
C)children experience biochemical imbalances that cause the amnesia.
D)all of these
Q4) Extending the semantic meaning of something you already know refers to A)metamemory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.
Page 8
Q5) How accurate is eyewitness testimony? If you were on a jury and all you had as evidence was eyewitness testimony, what would you do?
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Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Q1) In your high school French class, you first learned vocabulary and then you practiced conversational French. In the beginning, you were using the _________ of the language, and then you were using the __________ capacity of the language.
A)semanticity; infinite creativity
B)infinite creativity; displacement
C)displacement; semanticity
D)infinite creativity; semanticity
Q2) Research has shown that males have a slight advantage in ________, while females are slightly more skilled in ________.
A)visual-spatial abilities; verbal skills
B)science; verbal skills
C)mathematics; foreign languages
D)nonverbal skills; verbal skills
Q3) Use semanticity, infinite creativity, and displacement to explain why the language of humans is more advanced than the communication of lower animals.
Q4) The Pythagorem theorem and other mathematical formulas are examples of anagrams.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your mother tells you to "keep smiling." According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, your mother's advice
A)is an old wives' tale.
B)is useless.
C)is intended to make you feel better.
D)is intended to help you fool other people.
Q2) An individual exhibiting parasympathetic arousal and self-destructive behaviors is likely to be experiencing
A)anger.
B)depression.
C)fear.
D)rage.
Q3) Two keys for successful weight loss are
A)asking others what worked for them and trying out these methods.
B)if one diet fails, try another and don't quit.
C)making a commitment to lose weight and establish a workable plan.
D)starve yourself if you have to and do whatever it takes.
Q4) The hormone _____ has been shown to influence aggressive behavior.
Q5) The _____ theory is consistent with the facial-feedback theory.
Q6) Describe the two most common eating disorders and their possible causal factors.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Voyage Through the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) During Piaget's formal operational stage, individuals demonstrate the ability to reason ________.
Q2) Diana Baumrind studied the connection between parental behavior and the development of instrumental competence, which refers to the ability to A)function independently.
B)form relationships.
C)mature emotionally.
D)manipulate the environment to achieve one's goals.
Q3) According to Ainsworth, babies who demonstrate proximity to their mother and separation anxiety when apart are showing indications of A)socialization.
B)individuality.
C)association.
D)attachment.
Q4) G. Stanley Hall referred to adolescence as a time of A)struggle and strife.
B)storm and stress.
C)violence and suicide.
D)drugs and alcohol.
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Chapter 10: Personality: Theory and Measurement
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Q1) When children behave in a way that reflects what they believe their parents want, they are demonstrating, according to Rogers
A)conditions of worth.
B)unconditional positive regard.
C)unconditional love.
D)self-actualization.
Q2) Which defense mechanism is being used when a student blames his failing a test on the poor teaching skills of the instructor rather than the fact that he didn't study?
A)Rationalization
B)Reaction formation
C)Regression
D)Projection
Q3) Freud emphasized the _____ processes in the shaping of our personalities.
Q4) The Oedipus complex occurs during the __________ stage.
A)phallic
B)genital
C)oral
D)anal
Q5) Describe how a behaviorist would explain and treat a child's temper tantrums.
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Chapter 11: Stress, Health, and Coping
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Q1) Marie is worried about her health. Which of the following would increase her risk of CHD?
A)Low LDL serum cholesterol
B)Meditation
C)Type A behavior
D)Aerobic exercise
Q2) Judd is concerned about terrorism, taxes, property investments, and retirement. His type of hassle is called
A)environmental.
B)security.
C)outer concern.
D)time-pressure.
Q3) Vacationing in Paris versus vacationing in Rome could be an example of an ______________ conflict.
A)approach-approach
B)approach-avoidance
C)avoidance-avoidance
D)advance-remove
Q4) A(n) __________________ conflict creates the least amount of stress.
Q5) Compare and contrast the ways in which men and women experience stress.
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Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) _____ disorder was formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Q2) Most individuals with dissociative identity disorder share the common experience of some form of childhood trauma or abuse.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ________ model proposed that psychological disorders are caused by a combination of factors related to nature and nurture.
A)medical
B)biopsychological
C)diathesis-stress
D)psychodynamic
Q4) Pessimism and self-criticism are __________ factors in depression.
A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive
C)social
D)behavioral
Q5) The _____ is the most widely used classification system for psychological disorders.
Q6) _____ is the common cold of psychological problems.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Methods of Therapy
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Q1) During a therapy session, Harry yells at his therapist, "You need to quit nagging me so much!" Freud might consider this an example of
A)free association.
B)dream analysis.
C)transference.
D)identification.
Q2) A therapist is helping a client ascertain what rewards are maintaining the client's drinking habit so a modification plan can be devised. This is an example of _______ therapy.
A)client-centered
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)psychodynamic
Q3) Which of the following statements is most true regarding the effectiveness of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing?
A)It cures PTSD.
B)It has helped decrease psychosis.
C)Its effectiveness has been validated in numerous studies.
D)It has been shown to be effective, but how effective is unclear.
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) You just received an outstanding grade on your research paper. You are likely to attribute your success to
A)your excellent academic abilities.
B)chance or fate.
C)your teacher's coaching.
D)your friend's assistance.
Q2) The transformation of "ordinary" people to those who act in evil ways is known as the _____ effect.
A)911
B)mob
C)evil
D)Lucifer
Q3) Which factor influences the probability that we can predict people's behavior from attitudes?
A)Strength of attitude
B)Vested interest
C)Health status
D)Strength of attitude and vested interest
Q4) Stanley Milgram studied the factors that contribute to __________.
Q5) The ________ hypothesis would dispute the saying, "Opposites attract."
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Psychology and Human Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Slot machines and lotteries maintain a high level of responding because they are based on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
A)fixed ratio
B)variable ratio
C)fixed interval
D)variable interval
Q2) According to psychoanalysis, information that can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention is stored in the A)unconscious.
B)preconscious.
C)nonconscious.
D)conscience.
Q3) Unlike classical and operant conditioning, observational learning does not require A)acquisition.
B)modeling.
C)imitation.
D)reinforcement.
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Chapter 16: Psychology and Personality
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Q1) The _______ therapy has been found to be successful with clients who suffer from major depression and have failed to respond to other types of therapeutic intervention.
A)prefrontal lobotomy
B)sedative
C)electroconvulsive
D)antianxiety
Q2) One of the reasons it is difficult to objectively study the effects of therapy is due to factors such as the client's relationship with the therapist. This is known as a(n) ________ factor.
A)therapeutic
B)alliance
C)nonspecific
D)subjective
Q3) Individuals exhibiting schizophrenia may experience false perceptions called A)mania.
B)neuroticism.
C)delusions.
D)hallucinations.
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