Principles of Biology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Principles of Biology introduces students to the fundamental concepts underlying the science of life. This course explores topics such as the structure and function of cells, genetics and heredity, evolution, ecology, and the diversity of living organisms. Students will examine the chemical foundations of biology, mechanisms of energy transformation, cell division, and the interdependence of organisms within ecosystems. Through lectures, laboratory experiments, and interactive discussions, students gain a comprehensive understanding of biological principles and develop critical thinking skills necessary for advanced study in the life sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology 4th Edition by Eric J. Simon
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29 Chapters
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1325 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction- Biology Today
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a scientific experiment,the control group ______.
A) serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group
B) is subjected to the factor whose effect is being tested
C) allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple variables
D) is required for the validity of discovery science
Answer: A
Q2) The branch of biology that explains both the diversity and the unity of life is ______.
A) evolution
B) microbiology
C) taxonomy
D) genetics
Answer: A
Q3) What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell?
A) genomes
B) nuclei
C) genes
D) organelles
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology
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Q1) What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons?
A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) polar
Answer: A
Q2) The way Earth moves about the sun is most like ______.
A) a neutron and electron moving around a proton
B) an electron moving around the nucleus of an atom
C) a proton moving about an electron
D) a neutron moving about a proton
Answer: B
Q3) All atoms of an element have the same number of ______.
A) protons plus neutrons
B) protons
C) electrons
D) neutrons
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Saturated fats are saturated with ______.
A) carbon
B) nitrogen
C) hydrogen
D) oxygen
Answer: C
Q2) Nucleic acids are polymers of ______ monomers.
A) monosaccharide
B) fatty acid
C) DNA
D) nucleotide
Answer: D
Q3) What name is given to the following reaction?
sucrose + water glucose + fructose
A) glucogenesis
B) hydrolysis
C) denaturation
D) dehydration reaction
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell
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Q1) ______ store the information necessary to produce proteins.
A) Lysosomes
B) Genes
C) Ribosomes
D) Carbohydrates
Q2) One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells.
A) have DNA, which is lacking in B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in C) have a plasma membrane, which is lacking in D) have a nucleoid region, which is lacking in
Q3) You find a cell of a type you have never seen before.The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall.Therefore,you conclude that it must be a ______ cell.
A) prokaryotic
B) animal
C) bacterial
D) plant
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Chapter 5: The Working Cell
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Q1) Which component of the following reaction is the substrate?
sucrose + sucrase + water sucrase + glucose + fructose
A) sucrose
B) sucrase
C) glucose
D) fructose
Q2) Diffusion ______.
A) is the result of the potential energy of atoms
B) requires an input of cellular energy
C) occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated
D) proceeds until equilibrium is reached
Q3) The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ______.
A) interconversion
B) conservation of energy
C) conservation of heat
D) entropy
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Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis.
B) Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation.
C) Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.
D) Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
Q2) Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to
A) produce more ATP than is possible through aerobic respiration.
B) produce ATP using the electron transport chain.
C) regenerate NADH.
D) produce ATP without O<sub>2.</sub>
Q3) The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______.
A) ATP
B) oxygen
C) lactic acid
D) NAD<sup>+</sup>
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Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
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Q1) Which wavelength is best for your plants' growth?
A) 650 nm
B) 550 nm
C) 500 nm
D) 400 nm
Q2) Which of the following is an autotroph?
A) human
B) mushroom
C) pine tree
D) fish
Q3) What name is given to a discrete packet of light?
A) phaser
B) wavelength
C) photon
D) quantum
Q4) ______ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.
A) H<sub>2</sub>O
B) Chlorophyll a
C) CO<sub>2</sub>
D) C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
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Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells
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Q1) How many chromosomes can a gamete possess as a result of nondisjunction?
A) n + 1 or n - 1
B) 2n + 1 or 2n - 1
C) 2n - 1 only
D) 2n + 1 or n - 1
Q2) Which of the following will help prevent cancer and increase survival?
A) Eat a low-fiber, low-fat diet.
B) Limit exercise.
C) Seek early detection of tumors.
D) Smoke only cigarettes.
Q3) The cell cycle results in the production of ______.
A) four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
B) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information
C) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
D) four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
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Q1) In humans,the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic.
A) cystic fibrosis
B) height
C) blood type
D) sickle-cell disease
Q2) Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele.The homozygous dominant genotype causes death,so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes.If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia,what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?
A) 0%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%
Q3) Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing?
A) testcross
B) dihybrid cross
C) amniocentesis
D) pedigree analysis
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Chapter 10: The Structure and Function of DNA
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Q1) How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death?
A) by altering the way a cell splices its RNA
B) via a lytic cycle
C) via a lysogenic cycle
D) by altering its DNA
Q2) Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that
A) thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures.
B) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA.
C) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA.
D) thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases.
Q3) The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______.
A) start codon
B) promoter
C) initiator
D) processor
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Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled
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Q1) Male tortoiseshell cats ______.
A) do not have an X chromosome
B) have orange and black patches of fur that reflect the pattern of X chromosome inactivation
C) are usually XYY individuals
D) are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY
Q2) Which risk factors are associated with cancer of the colon and rectum?
A) tobacco
B) viruses
C) UV radiation
D) dietary fat
Q3) Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______.
A) operator
B) proto-oncogene
C) regulatory gene
D) promoter
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Chapter 12: DNA Technology
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Q1) The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____.
A) proteomics
B) cDNA
C) the X chromosome
D) the Y chromosome
Q2) Which of the following best defines the term transgenic organism?
A) an organism that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele
B) an organism in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy
C) an organism containing a gene from another species
D) an organism containing genes from three or more species
Q3) Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations. A) intestinal
B) immune
C) gametic
D) somatic
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Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection?
A) The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.
B) There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
C) There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.
D) Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.
Q2) Genetic drift is the result of ______.
A) natural selection
B) chance
C) a large gene pool
D) environmental variation
Q3) In the Hardy-Weinberg formula,what does 2pq represent?
A) frequency of the dominant allele
B) frequency of heterozygotes
C) frequency of the recessive allele
D) frequency of the homozygous dominants
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Chapter 14: How Biological Diversity Evolves
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Q1) The biological species concept cannot be applied to ______.
A) fungi that live on land
B) bacteria that only reproduce asexually
C) complex plants that have flowers
D) animals that use asexual and sexual reproduction
Q2) Sympatric speciation specifically excludes ______.
A) behavioral isolation
B) post-zygotic barriers
C) geographic isolation
D) temporal isolation
Q3) Under the biological species concept,what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species?
A) a very similar appearance
B) being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
C) relating to the environment in the same way
D) having 99% of their genes in common
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Chapter 15: The Evolution of Microbial Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following prokaryotes aid digestion in cattle,deer,and other animals that obtain nutrition from cellulose?
A) halophiles
B) dinoflagellates
C) methanogens
D) cocci
Q2) You discover a prokaryote that can make its own food in the absence of light. Nutritionally,you would classify this prokaryote as a ______.
A) chemoautotroph
B) photoheterotroph
C) photoautotroph
D) chemoheterotroph
Q3) Which of the following is a colonial form of green algae?
A) Volvox
B) Giardia
C) Paramecium
D) Plasmodium
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17
Chapter 16: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land
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Q1) Which of the following statements concerning the jatropha tree is true?
A) Jatropha trees are found all over the world.
B) Everyone believes planting jatropha trees will be beneficial.
C) Humans use over half of the known species of plants for everyday uses.
D) Currently, the most valuable part of the jatropha tree is the seed.
Q2) Which of the following is a component of the female structure of a flowering plant?
A) petal
B) filament
C) anther
D) stigma
Q3) ______ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring sperm to eggs.
A) Bryophytes
B) Gymnosperms
C) Ferns
D) Angiosperms
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Chapter 17: The Evolution of Animals
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Q1) What is a feature of birds that makes them valuable as biological indicators?
A) Many migrate long distances.
B) Many are brightly colored.
C) There are over 10,000 different species of birds.
D) Birdwatching is a popular hobby.
Q2) Flatworms are similar to cnidarians in that both ______.
A) have pseudocoeloms
B) have true tissues
C) lack a gastrovascular cavity
D) exhibit bilateral symmetry
Q3) Features unique to mammals include ______.
A) the presence of hair
B) extended parental care of the young
C) being endotherms
D) having no egg-laying members
Q4) Approximately what percent of bird species are threatened with extinction today?
A) 5%
B) 12%
C) 25%
D) 45%
Page 19
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Chapter 18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
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Q1) What is a population?
A) a group of organisms living in a particular geographic area
B) a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area
C) a community as well as all the abiotic factors in a particular geographic area
D) all of the organisms of a species existing at a particular time
Q2) What term applies to the physical and physiological changes experienced by astronauts who spend months in space?
A) acclimation
B) adaptation
C) cosmosation
D) accreditation
Q3) Which of these biomes is maintained by fire?
A) temperate deciduous forest
B) chaparral and savanna
C) desert and chaparral
D) savanna and temperate grassland
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Chapter 19: Population Ecology
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Q1) The Endangered Species Act aims to help protect species that ______.
A) are in danger of extinction
B) have suffered significant habitat destruction
C) compete with invasive species
D) are economically valuable
Q2) An unexpected freeze that kills a population of chipmunks is an example of ______.
A) a density-independent factor
B) a natal effect
C) a density-dependent factor
D) an intrinsic factor
Q3) The intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population is called _____.
A) biological control
B) coevolution
C) sustainable resource management
D) integrated pest management
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21
Chapter 20: Communities and Ecosystems
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Q1) Despite being used for many years,quinine-based drugs have not led to the eradication of malaria and currently there are mosquitoes that are resistant to the compound. Which of the following were likely important in the development of this resistance to quinine?
A) natural selection
B) mutualism
C) interspecific competition
D) biological magnification
Q2) E.O.Wilson coined the term ______ for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms.
A) bioremediation
B) bioethics
C) biophilia
D) biophobia
Q3) The present rate of species loss ______.
A) suggests that about 25% of all plant and animal species may be extinct by the end of the century
B) is about the same as it has been during the last 100,000 years
C) is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years
D) is slower than in recent years because of conservation efforts
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
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Q1) Homeostasis ______.
A) is the maintenance of a constant internal state
B) is a pathological condition
C) is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
D) is the way the internal environment influences the external environment
Q2) A diuretic is a substance that ______.
A) promotes sweating
B) regulates the contraction of cardiac muscle
C) inhibits urinary water loss
D) promotes urinary water loss
Q3) In animals,individual cells are grouped into _____.
A) organs
B) tissues
C) organisms
D) organ systems
Q4) Reabsorption is the movement of substances from the ______ to the ______.
A) blood... nephron
B) filtrate... blood
C) kidney... urinary bladder
D) blood... filtrate
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Chapter 22: Nutrition and Digestion
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Q1) Which of the following mechanisms helps prevent gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining?
A) mucus coating the inside surface of the stomach
B) mitosis generating enough new cells to replace the stomach lining every few days
C) the continuous secretion of gastric juice
D) the inactivation of pepsin by hydrochloric acid
Q2) You must obtain ______.
A) essential nutrients
B) fuel to power all body activities
C) organic raw materials to make your own molecules
D) all of the above
Q3) ______ the direct source of energy for cells.
A) Fats are
B) Glucose is
C) ATP is
D) Amino acids are
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Chapter 23: Circulation and Respiration
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Q1) White blood cells play a particularly important role in ______.
A) fighting infections
B) supporting the activity of red blood cells
C) carrying carbon dioxide
D) blood clotting
Q2) Leukemia ______.
A) decreases the production of white blood cells
B) increases the production of red blood cells
C) is a cancer of the white blood cells
D) is a cancer that arises in the lungs
Q3) If your blood pressure were 120/70,it would mean that ______.
A) your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70
B) you have high blood pressure
C) you have low blood pressure
D) your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your heart rate is 70
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Chapter 24: The Body's Defenses
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Q1) Antibodies are ______.
A) composed of four fatty acid chains
B) a type of lymphocyte
C) proteins with short carbohydrates attached
D) proteins consisting of four polypeptide chains
Q2) Anaphylactic shock ______.
A) occurs when blood vessels constrict abruptly
B) is a symptom of an immunodeficiency disease
C) causes blood pressure to drop dangerously
D) has no treatment
Q3) When in its life cycle does a B cell first exhibit its particular surface antibody?
A) after the memory cell giving rise to it divides
B) before it ever encounters an antigen
C) after it encounters several antigens
D) after it encounters a single antigen
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Chapter 25: Hormones
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Q1) Steroid hormones _____.
A) are derived from amino acids
B) diffuse through the plasma membrane into target cells
C) bind to receptors in the plasma membrane.
D) are water soluble
Q2) Which of the following hormones can make a person susceptible to infection when administered for too long as a drug?
A) glucagon
B) growth hormone
C) glucocorticoids
D) antidiuretic hormone
Q3) Hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors ______.
A) are steroid hormones
B) bind to DNA and cause changes in transcription
C) cannot pass through cell membranes
D) are produced in the interstitial fluid
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Chapter 26: Reproduction and Development
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Q1) Asexual reproduction
A) creates individuals with unique combinations of genes.
B) generates enormous genetic variation.
C) is an effective way for animals to expand their population quickly and exploit an available environment.
D) provides greater adaptability to changing environments.
Q2) Which one of the following is the earliest event in the process of fertilization?
A) Sperm contact the jelly coat around the egg.
B) The sperm head plasma membrane fuses with the egg plasma membrane.
C) Enzymes from the acrosome are released.
D) The sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the egg.
Q3) Hermaphrodites ______.
A) possess both male and female reproductive systems
B) have the gonads of one sex but the external appearance of the other
C) usually fertilize themselves
D) have abnormal reproductive systems
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Chapter 27: Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems
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Q1) A thick filament is made up of ______.
A) actin and regulatory proteins
B) myosin
C) myosin and regulatory filaments
D) actin and myosin
Q2) Which one of the following statements is true?
A) Cones are more sensitive to light than rods.
B) Rods can distinguish color.
C) There are three different types of cones in the human eye.
D) The best way to see stars is to look straight at them.
Q3) The cells that carry electric signals from one part of the body to another in the nervous system are _____.
A) dendrites
B) neurons
C) effectors
D) synapses
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Chapter 28: The Life of a Flowering Plant
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Q1) Which of the following best characterizes the monocots?
A) embryo with one seed leaf, leaves with parallel veins, stems with vascular bundles scattered, and flower parts in threes
B) embryo with one seed leaf, leaves with parallel veins, stems with a ring of vascular tissue, and flower parts in fives
C) embryo with two seed leaves, leaf veins not parallel, stems with ring of vascular tissue, and flower parts in fives
D) embryo with two seed leaves, leaf veins not parallel, stems with vascular bundles scattered, and flower parts in threes
Q2) Which of the following is the main site of photosynthesis in a typical leaf?
A) epidermis
B) endodermis
C) mesophyll
D) xylem
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Chapter 29: The Working Plant
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Q1) Which of the following is exemplified by a pea tendril contacting a string or wire and coiling around it for support?
A) gravitropism
B) geotropism
C) thigmotropism
D) phototropism
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A) A given hormone has a very specific effect on a plant.
B) A single hormone may have different effects depending on concentration and presence of other hormones.
C) Plants and animals use hormones in very different ways.
D) Large amounts of hormones are required to affect plant growth and development.
Q3) Which of the following hormones promotes seed dormancy?
A) cytokinin
B) ethylene
C) gibberellin
D) abscisic acid
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