Principles of Behavioral Neuroscience Exam Review
Course Introduction
Principles of Behavioral Neuroscience explores the fundamental biological processes that underlie behavior, emotion, motivation, and cognition. The course examines how the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves regulates sensory perception, action, learning, memory, and social interactions. Students will learn about neural communication, neurotransmitters, the organization of brain structures, and how neurological processes are connected to both typical and disordered behaviors. Emphasis is placed on experimental methods and current research findings in behavioral neuroscience, providing a comprehensive foundation for understanding the physiological mechanisms that drive behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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12 Chapters
600 Verified Questions
600 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) After conducting a correlational study between the effects of alcohol on memory, Jamie finds that memory impairments increase with the number of alcoholic drinks consumed. What can he conclude from his study?
A) Memory impairments are directly caused by drinking alcohol.
B) Alcohol causes memory impairments after drinking a certain amount.
C) Memory impairments are associated with increased alcohol consumption.
D) Drinking alcohol causes memory loss.
Answer: C
Q2) In a study of the effects of marijuana on a learning task, participants are asked to smoke a "cigarette" before learning how to complete a task. Some participants smoke regular cigarettes while others smoke cigarettes injected with THC (the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana). The errors the participants made while doing the learning task is called the __________ variable.
A) dependent
B) independent
C) control
D) experimental
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was not a flaw of Francis Gall's research?
A) He used only males.
B) He used small samples.
C) His research was subjective.
D) He examined the skull, not the brain directly.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the four major functional systems of the brain?
A) sensory
B) rational
C) motor
D) emotional
Answer: B
Q3) Correct examples of localization of function in the brain include all but which of the following?
A) Left frontal lobe for speech comprehension.
B) Right frontal lobe for speech production.
C) Left frontal lobe for spatial reasoning.
D) Right frontal lobe for verbal gestures.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how habituation and sensitization are similar and different from one another.
Answer: Both are simple, nonassociative forms of learning because their effects are not associated with specific actions or consequences. Both forms of learning change the magnitude of the response. During habituation a behavioral response decreases following the repetition of an irrelevant stimulus even though the sensory receptors are perceiving the stimulus. Habituation is also response specific. Sensitization, on the other hand, increases the response to a broad group of stimuli after an emotional experience. It normally lasts a short period of time, whereas habituation can either be long-term or short-term.
Q2) Habituation of the defensive reflex in the Aplysia is an example of long-term memory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Habituation and sensitization are the simplest forms of learning.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the neurobiological basis of perceptual skill learning. Provide the research evidence that supports your answer.
Q2) Pigeons can be trained to discriminate between human and non-human objects.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When participants were able to sleep following perceptual learning, they had ______ retention of what was learned than those who were kept awake.
A) much worse
B) much better
C) extremely worse
D) similar
Q4) If a participant is looking at a picture of a common object drawn in a segmented line he is most likely looking at the _______.
A) Gollins partial pictures task
B) Wisconsin card sorting task
C) Binet standard pictures test
D) thematic apperception test
Q5) Describe the four main mechanisms involved in perceptual skill learning.
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Pavlov's experiment the food was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned reflex
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned reflex
Q2) Pavlov proposed that initial conditioning was the acquisition of a(n) _________ between the CS and the US.
A) inhibitory association
B) excitatory association
C) temporal relationship
D) learned association
Q3) How does the Rescorla-Wagner model explain the strength of a CR and learning?
Q4) In which ISI training session is learning best?
A) Less than three seconds.
B) Between three and five seconds.
C) Greater than five seconds.
D) The ISI is not as important as the US.
Q5) Explain how the hippocampus is necessary for different types of conditioning. Use research findings to support your answer.
Page 7
Q6) Discuss why response extinction is not the same as forgetting.
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When animals train themselves to perform specific tasks it is called autotraining.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One main way that instrumental conditioning differs from classical conditioning is that in instrumental conditioning __________.
A) the stimulus must be present before the behavior
B) the subject must emit a response
C) the reinforcer must come before the behavior
D) the reinforcer is more frequent
Q3) One form of behavior modification uses token economies to reward desirable actions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe a study that shows that an animal's expectation of a reward is more powerful than the actual amount of a reward.
Q5) Animal trainers often use shaping to get the animals to perform complex tasks. A)True
B)False
8
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following provides evidence that fear conditioning is rapid and long lasting?
A) Alzheimer's disease
B) PTSD
C) Urbach-Wiethe disease
D) people taking beta blockers
Q2) Results of a case study of a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis, showing damage to the hippocampus and the amygdala, indicated a problem with
A) unconditioned responses
B) being conditioned to a boat horn
C) remembering the unconditioned stimulus
D) inhibiting their conditioned fear response
Q3) When an animal is relaxed their startle reflex is smaller than if they were anxious.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How is a flashbulb memory an example of how emotions and memories can be closely tied together? How can researchers study flashbulb memories?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) When applying to graduate schools you are told that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to an experimental psychology program and it is harder to get into an experimental psychology program than a social work program. You deduce that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to a social work program through ____________.
A) transitive inference
B) implicit memory
C) declarative inference
D) procedural memory
Q2) While watching a movie you hear a song from the 1980s that you should remember. When you are going through your memory thinking of the singer you are doing what active process?
A) encoding
B) elaboration
C) organization
D) retrieval
Q3) The term declarative memory was borrowed from literature about artificial memory.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why are eyewitness testimonies unreliable sources of information in a court of law?
Q2) When subjects successfully encoded the superficial qualities of a word the __________ was activated.
A) parahippocampal region
B) hippocampal region
C) medial temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe
Q3) In a(n) _________ analysis, rats are presented with ten odors and then after a 30-minute delay are presented with ten novel and the ten original odors in a random mixed order.
A) ROC
B) TRC
C) ORC
D) RBC
Q4) The ROC is scored by dividing the ________ by the _______.
A) false alarms; hits
B) hits; false alarms
C) recall hits; recognition hits
D) recollection errors; recall errors
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The extrastriate body area is more active when an individual views photographs of
A) inanimate objects
B) novel objects
C) faces and body parts
D) animals
Q2) Results of a transitive inference paradigm suggest that the hippocampus plays a role in _______.
A) connecting past memories with novel items
B) interpreting subtle memories for unique events
C) linking related memories according to their common features
D) linking unrelated items that share a common ground
Q3) In the ________ model, concepts are represented as patterns of activation across interconnected units.
A) exemplar
B) prototype
C) network
D) hierarchical
Q4) Describe Farah and McClelland's (1991) model of semantic memory.
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Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the fixation process, cAMP activates ________ which makes the receptors more sensitive to glutamate.
A) calcium
B) protein
C) potassium
D) sodium
Q2) Animal research is beneficial for memory research because it allows for more control of the anatomical structures being observed and the learning experiences before brain damage.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Some individuals show memory loss for events prior to the onset of amnesia and for memories extending back into childhood. This pattern of memory loss has a _______ gradient etiology.
A) flat
B) graded
C) complex
D) long-term
Q4) Discuss how temporally graded retrograde amnesia is related to memory consolidation.
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Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) A serial probe recognition task is used so researchers can compare long-term memory performance across many species.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Our subvocal speech is part of the ___________.
A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) episodic executive
D) central executive
Q3) When you remember your nine-digit student number as three groups of three numbers you have ______ the items together.
A) compounded
B) chunked
C) stacked
D) compressed
Q4) Describe the components of working memory according to Baddeley (2000) and how they work together.
Q5) Explain how researchers test an animal's ability to rule shift. Describe different types of rule shifting.
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