Physical Science Test
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Course Introduction
Physical Science is an interdisciplinary course that explores the fundamental principles governing the natural world, focusing on the areas of physics and chemistry. Students will investigate core topics such as matter and its properties, motion and forces, energy transformations, waves, electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms. The course emphasizes scientific inquiry, critical thinking, and practical laboratory experiences, allowing students to develop an understanding of how physical laws apply to everyday phenomena and technological advances. By integrating theory with hands-on experiments, learners gain a comprehensive appreciation of the physical principles that underpin both natural processes and modern innovations.
Recommended Textbook
Astronomy Today 8th Edition by Eric Chaisson
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28 Chapters
2941 Verified Questions
2941 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of Astronomy
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19903
Sample Questions
Q1) The full moon rises around sunrise,and sets around sunset.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The four extra minutes in the solar day are due to our ________ around the Sun.
Answer: revolution
Q3) A star with a large parallax:
A) is at a great distance from Earth.
B) is moving at a great speed with respect to Earth.
C) is at a short distance from Earth.
D) is moving at a slow speed with respect to Earth.
E) is not moving with respect to Earth.
Answer: C
Q4) How far above or below the ecliptic can the Sun move?
Answer: The Sun follows the ecliptic eastward across the sky,never leaving it.
Q5) How did Aristotle apply the scientific method to lunar eclipses?
Answer: He noted that during all lunar eclipses,the Earth always casts a circular shadow considerably larger than the Moon's disk,so hypothesized the Earth was in fact a sphere and predicted that future eclipses would show the same curved shadow of Earth.
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Chapter 2: The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science
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100 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The force of gravity between two objects:
A) increases with the masses of the bodies, but decreases with their separations.
B) increases with the masses of the bodies, but decreases with the square of the distances between them.
C) increases with the square of their masses, but decreases with the cube of their periods of orbit about the Sun.
D) depends on the density, not the mass of the bodies.
E) depends on the temperature, density, and size of the bodies.
Answer: B
Q2) According to Copernicus,the retrograde motion for Mars must occur:
A) at inferior conjunction, when Mars laps the Earth and passes between us and the Sun.
B) at superior conjunction, when Mars lies on the far side of the Sun.
C) at quadrature, when Mars lies exactly 90 degrees east or west of the Sun.
D) at greatest elongation, when Mars can get up to 47 degrees from the Sun.
E) at opposition, when the Earth overtakes Mars and passes between Mars and the Sun.
Answer: E
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Chapter 3: Radiation: Information from the Cosmos
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which form of electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water vapor in our atmosphere?
A) visible light
B) ultraviolet
C) infrared
D) radio
E) gamma rays
Answer: C
Q2) Electromagnetic radiation:
A) can only travel in a dense medium.
B) has only the properties of waves.
C) can behave both as a wave and as a particle.
D) is the same as a sound wave.
E) has nothing in common with radio waves.
Answer: C
Q3) In blackbody radiation,the energy is radiated uniformly in every region of the spectrum,so the radiating body appears black in color.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Spectroscopy: The Inner Workings of Atoms
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Sample Questions
Q1) The emission line for a given atom shows spectral features at the ________ location as in its absorption spectrum.
Q2) The spectral lines of each element are distinctive to that element,whether we are looking at emission or absorption lines.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The broader the spectral line,the higher the pressure of the gas that is creating it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If a source of light is approaching us at 3,000 km/sec,then all its waves are:
A) blue shifted by 1%.
B) redshifted by 1%.
C) not affected, as c is constant regardless of the direction of motion.
D) blue shifted out of the visible spectrum into the ultraviolet.
E) redshifted out of the visible into the infrared.
Q5) The longer the wavelength of the photon,the ________ the energy it carries.
Q6) According to Kirchhoff's first law why do dense,hot bodies create the type of spectrum they do?
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Chapter 5: Telescopes: The Tools of Astronomy
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If used in a single instrument to greatly enhance its resolution,the four separate mirrors of the VLT will be acting as a(n)________.
Q2) Why doesn't the Hubble Space Telescope need adaptive optics?
Q3) The process occurring when photons bounce off a polished surface is called:
A) diffraction.
B) refraction.
C) reflection.
D) dispersion.
E) interference.
Q4) What are two advantages of large scopes over smaller ones?
A) Large scopes have a larger field of view and sharper focus.
B) Large scopes are not subject to atmospheric turbulence and opacity like smaller ones.
C) Large scopes are easier to mount and control than small ones.
D) Large telescope have more light grasp and better resolution.
E) Large telescopes give higher magnification and are easier to build.
Q5) Why do stars appear to twinkle?
Q6) Hubble Space Telescope is still the largest scope ever built.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Solar System: Comparative Planetology and Formation Models
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151 Verified Questions
151 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) At what point does the accretion process turn a clump of debris into a planetesimal?
Q2) As a result of the ejection of planetesimals into the Oort Cloud,simulations indicate that Uranus and Neptune moved:
A) closer to the Sun.
B) further from the Sun.
C) along their orbits at a different rate.
D) from the inner solar system to the outer solar system.
E) from the outer solar system to the inner solar system.
Q3) The Kuiper Belt is located beyond the orbit of ________.
Q4) Our understanding of the solar system has come in a way that can best be described as:
A) constant since prehistoric times.
B) slow and steady since the discovery of the telescope by Galileo.
C) erratic, with spurts when new planets were found.
D) steady until the last decade, when the decline in the space program slowed it a great deal.
E) explosive, with us learning more in the past few decades than in all previous history.
Q5) Name three differences between terrestrials and jovian planets.
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Chapter 7: Earth: Our Home in Space
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is the sky blue?
A) The atmosphere reflects the color of the oceans.
B) The atmosphere reflects the light from the Sun.
C) The atmosphere scatters the light from the Sun.
D) The oceans refract the light from the Sun into the atmosphere.
E) The oceans reflect the light from the Sun into the atmosphere.
Q2) What were the two primary courses of heating that let the Earth differentiate? Which is more important to us today?
Q3) What is the process that physically transfers heat from a lower (hotter)to a higher (cooler)level?
A) radiation
B) translation
C) convection
D) reflection
E) conduction
Q4) Why do volcanic mountain chains,such as the Andes,accompany deep trenches like the Nazca Trench off South America?
Q5) Describe the two different kinds of seismic waves.Distinguish between them by describing how they move through Earth's interior.
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Chapter 8: The Moon and Mercury: Scorched and Battered Worlds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mercury's Caloris Basin is aptly named,since:
A) it is the region on Mercury looking much like our own "painted desert."
B) it is the only such large basin on Mercury.
C) it is the hottest region, turning to face the Sun when Mercury is at perihelion.
D) it is always pointed directly at the Sun.
E) it is the largest impact basin found in the solar system.
Q2) The cratering of the lunar highlands shows us:
A) they are younger than the maria.
B) they are older than the smoother maria.
C) they have been unchanged for the last 4.6 billion years.
D) they are like the Earth's continents, removed from the tectonic cycle of the mare.
E) they were made of more rigid lavas than the basalts that made the maria.
Q3) Which side of the Moon has the thicker crust? Why?
Q4) Lunar volcanism is obvious from the huge mare basins,and the more localized
Q5) Ice is widely observed in the dark floors of many craters all over the surface.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Venus: Earth's Sister Planet
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98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cause of Venus' slow rotation is unknown at present.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In its orbit about the Sun,when is Venus the brightest as seen from Earth? Why?
Q3) The actual slow rotation of Venus was first found by radar observations from Earth.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why is the atmospheric pressure at the surface of Venus so much higher than Earth's?
Q5) The main problem spacecraft have encountered in landing on Venus is:
A) the thick atmosphere.
B) the acid rain.
C) the strong winds.
D) the rocky surface.
E) the extremely high temperatures.
Q6) The clouds of Venus are much higher in its atmosphere than are those in our troposphere.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Mars: A Near Miss for Life?
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The low surface gravity helps Martian volcanoes grow to great heights.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following characterizes a shield volcano?
A) It sits above a hot spot in the planet's mantle.
B) It is formed by moving tectonic plates.
C) It will be smaller than cinder cones like Maxwell Mons on Venus.
D) It erupts only briefly before subsiding forever.
E) It cannot grow very large, for the plates are constantly moving.
Q3) The largest difference between Mars' northern and southern hemispheres is that:
A) the southern appears older, with more impact craters.
B) the northern has all the outflows and must have been much hotter.
C) the northern is higher overall, despite some high volcanoes in the south.
D) the southern has a polar cap, but none ever forms in the north.
E) the southern is much darker, with large mare-like basaltic lava flows.
Q4) The magnetic field of Mars was first detected by the Mars Global Surveyor.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Where is most of the water on Mars believed to be?
Q6) The ________ hemisphere of Mars appears older and more heavily cratered.
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Chapter 11: Jupiter: Giant of the Solar System
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Telescopically,Jupiter is the most colorful and changeable of the planets.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Galileo mission put a spacecraft into orbit around Jupiter.Which statement about that spacecraft is true?
A) The spacecraft crashed into the moon Europa.
B) The spacecraft's probe measured windspeeds in Jupiter's atmosphere.
C) A saltwater ocean was discovered on Jupiter.
D) Intense magnetic fields were discovered in the asteroid belt.
E) A probe was released which soft landed on Io.
Q3) If it were about 80 times as massive as present,Jupiter could become a star.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The apparent "surface" of Jupiter is actually the tops of ________.
Q5) The zonal flows giving rise to the belts and zones are similar to the jet streams in our own stratosphere.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the seasons of Jupiter.
Q7) Where is Jupiter's ring located? What is it made of,and why?
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Chapter 12: Saturn: Spectacular Rings and Mysterious
Moons
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrast Saturn's moon Titan with Earth's Moon.
Q2) Describe the consequences of orbital resonances between the moons of Saturn and the particles that make up that planet's ring system.
Q3) Scientists believe that large storms on Saturn are:
A) tied to Saturn's rings.
B) in the high altitude ammonia clouds.
C) only found at the equator.
D) rooted deep in the atmosphere.
E) in Saturn's troposphere.
Q4) What is a planet's Roche limit?
Q5) When Cassini entered orbit around Saturn,it caused the planet's orbit to change.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Helium is more abundant at Saturn than at Jupiter.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Titan has oceans made chiefly of liquid ________.
Q8) Why do Saturn's rings exist?
Q9) Since when we see Saturn's rings edge-on,they seem to disappear; they must be Page 14
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Chapter 13: Uranus and Neptune: The Outer Worlds of the Solar System
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neptune was discovered due to irregularities in Uranus' orbit.At closest approach,these two planets are about 10 AU apart.
a)What is the force of gravity between these two objects?
b)How does that compare to the force of gravity between the Sun and Uranus (approximately 20 AU from the Sun)?
Q2) Explain why the two outermost gas giant planets,Uranus and Neptune,appear so different from the innermost gas giant planets Saturn and Jupiter.
Q3) As with Saturn's F ring,shepherd moons play a major role in the structure of the thin narrow rings around Uranus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The rings of Uranus and Neptune are found:
A) by the Hubble Space Telescope.
B) above their equators.
C) in the ecliptic plane.
D) outside the Roche limit.
E) All of the above.
Q5) What will happen to Triton in the distant future,based on its present orbit?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Solar System Debris: Keys to Our Origin
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114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) We find that near perihelion,Pluto temporarily develops a(n)________.
Q2) There are three classes of asteroids,based on their surface reflectivities.Name them,and describe their composition in terms of the differentiation process.
Q3) We now recognize that the largest Kuiper Belt Object could be ________,discovered almost a century ago.
Q4) Most asteroids are differentiated,as reflected by their spherical shapes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Perseid meteor shower gives us about a meteor every minute in mid: A) January.
B) May.
C) August.
D) October.
E) November.
Q6) Nearly every aspect of astronomy is related in some way to the existence of gravity and to the motions which are responsible for a balance against gravity.How does this balance play a role for the miscellaneous objects of the solar system (i.e.,the asteroids and comets)? How can some aspect of this be used as a tool to determine masses in the solar system?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Exoplanets: Planetary Systems Beyond Our Own
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most extrasolar planets are hot Jupiters,discovered in the infrared by the Spitzer Space telescope.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Super-Earths are:
A) planets that are most earthlike, likely to harbor life.
B) planets that are a few times the mass of the Earth.
C) planets that have earthlike masses, but orbit much closer to their star than the Earth does to the Sun.
D) any rocky (or terrestrial) planet.
E) Earth-mass planets that are much lower in density than the Earth, giving them larger radii.
Q3) The ________ hypothesis was considered plausible in the 1800s,but is it no longer taken seriously.
Q4) The habitable zone is largest for:
A) brown dwarfs.
B) red dwarfs.
C) white dwarfs.
D) red giants.
E) blue giants.
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Chapter 16: The Sun: Our Parent Star
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Sample Questions
Q1) In spite of its high temperature,we observe the solar corona best during ________.
Q2) The area in the Sun's atmosphere located above the chromosphere (1,500-10,000 km)where the temperature rises dramatically is called the:
A) photosphere.
B) corona.
C) solar wind.
D) transition zone.
E) convection zone.
Q3) The solar magnetic field is strongest in those regions called ________,which are poles and usually thus occur in pairs.
Q4) When the chromosphere can be seen during a solar eclipse,it appears:
A) invisible.
B) violet.
C) blue.
D) yellow.
E) red.
Q5) Why is studying the neutrino so vital to understanding the solar interior?
Q6) How does solar luminosity vary during the sunspot cycle?
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Chapter 17: The Stars: Giants,Dwarfs,and the Main
Sequence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is the main sequence main? Why are these stars so common?
Q2) In an eclipsing binary,the longer the stages of the eclipse take,the ________ the star.
Q3) On the H-R diagram,red supergiants like Betelguese lie:
A) at the bottom left.
B) at the bottom right.
C) at the top left.
D) at the top right.
E) They can't be plotted, for they are not main sequence.
Q4) Hydrogen lines are weaker in both very hot and very cool stars.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In general,the narrower the spectral line of a star:
A) the hotter the star is.
B) the bigger the star is.
C) the denser the star is.
D) the smaller the star is.
E) the cooler the star is.
Q6) Why are spectra of stars different?
Q7) On the H-R diagram,most bright naked eye stars would lie at the ________. Page 20
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Chapter 18: The Interstellar Medium: Gas and Dust among the Stars
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interstellar dust clouds are best observed at what wavelength?
A) Radio and infrared
B) visible only
C) UV and infrared
D) Radio and X-ray
E) Visible and UV
Q2) Most molecules found in the giant molecular clouds are based on silicon.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following describes the shape of dust particles,based on polarization of light?
A) diamonds
B) cubes
C) spheres
D) disks
E) rodlike
Q4) How do we know that a hot main sequence star (and not some other kind of star)is embedded in a cloud of interstellar gas?
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Q5) Dust particles and magnetic fields in the interstellar medium are revealed by ________ of light.
Chapter 19: Star Formation: A Traumatic Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these is NOT typical of a condensing protostar?
A) magnetic fields producing polar flows
B) dusty disks around their equators
C) Herbig-Haro objects projecting a light year out in space
D) fusion of helium into carbon in their cores
E) more infrared than visible light given off from the cocoon of dust around the star
Q2) During stage 3 of star formation,the dense,opaque region at the center of the cloud is called a:
A) Herbig-Haro object.
B) T Tauri star.
C) protostar.
D) protoplanetary nebula.
E) zero-age main sequence star.
Q3) Which event marks the birth of a star?
A) formation of the planetary nebula
B) fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms
C) collapse of an interstellar cloud
D) formation of a photosphere
E) instability in an interstellar cloud
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Chapter 20: Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of a Star
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Sample Questions
Q1) The age of a star cluster may be estimated by determining the ________ of the Main Sequence at which stars are just in the process of evolving away to become giant stars.
Q2) In an H-R Diagram,the path showing changes in a star's luminosity and surface temperature as a function of time is called its ________.
Q3) As a star begins to evolve away from the main sequence,it gets larger.
A)True
B)False
Q4) During various stages of evolution,low mass stars (like the Sun)differ significantly from high mass stars.How and why are the main sequence lifetimes different?
Q5) What spectral type of star that is still around formed longest ago?
A) O
B) A
C) F
D) K
E) M
Q6) Describe the helium flash and why it occurs.
Q7) The longest stage in the life cycle of a star is as a(n)________ star.
Q8) How is the age of a star cluster determined?
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Chapter
Formation of the Elements
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Sample Questions
Q1) When helium capture occurs with a carbon 12 nucleus,what results?
A) nitrogen 14
B) oxygen 16
C) neon 20
D) silicon 28
E) nickel 56
Q2) Nearly all the elements found in nature were formed inside stars,EXCEPT for:
A) carbon and silicon.
B) hydrogen and helium.
C) helium and carbon.
D) silver and technetium.
E) uranium and radium.
Q3) Where was supernova 1987a located?
A) in the Orion Nebula, M-42
B) in Sagittarius, near the Galactic Nucleus
C) in our companion galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud
D) in M-13, one of the closest of the evolved globular clusters
E) near the core of M-31, the Andromeda Galaxy
Q4) The maximum mass of a white dwarf is about ________ times the mass of the Sun.
Q5) What are two differences observed between type I and type II supernovae? Page 25
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Chapter 22: Neutron Stars and Black Holes: Strange States of Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can detection and study of gravitational waves enhance our understanding of the universe?
Q2) If a neutron star attains a mass over ________ solar masses it becomes a black hole.
Q3) The escape speed for a black hole's event horizon is the speed of light.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The largest known black holes:
A) create the dark nebulae in the plane of the Milky Way.
B) can be no more than 1.4 solar masses, according to Chandrasekhar.
C) lie in the cores of the most massive galaxies.
D) can be no bigger than a small city, just like neutron stars.
E) can be no bigger than the Earth, like white dwarfs.
Q5) X-ray bursters are similar to novae,except the collapsed star is a neutron star,not a white dwarf.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Mercury's orbital precession is adequately explained by Newton's Law of Gravity.
A)True
B)False
Page 27
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Chapter 23: The Milky Way Galaxy: A Spiral in Space
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following are most massive and luminous?
A) brown dwarfs
B) RR Lyrae variables
C) white dwarfs
D) T-Tauri variables
E) Cepheid variables
Q2) While yet unproven,the proposed WIMPS would be:
A) massive like neutrons, but more elusive than neutrinos.
B) made of only strong magnetic fields.
C) rapidly decaying due to the weak nuclear force.
D) changing charges and polarities too rapidly to pin down.
E) the basic building blocks of neutrons and protons.
Q3) The Galactic Year is the time for our solar system to orbit the Galaxy; it is about:
A) 15 million years.
B) 225 million years.
C) 4.5 billion years.
D) 9.6 billion years.
E) 13.5 billion years.
Q4) Who discovered the period-luminosity relationship,and why was it so critical?
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Chapter 24: Galaxies: Building Blocks of the Universe
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within the boundaries of the constellations Coma and Virgo are found:
A) all the galaxies in the Local Group.
B) the most distant known quasars.
C) the largest nearby superclusters of galaxies.
D) the closest red dwarfs to the Sun.
E) the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.
Q2) Why is it that the quasars we see represent a time when the universe was younger?
Q3) In active galaxies,their central engines may be temporarily fed by:
A) a sudden surge of star formation.
B) a series of supernovae around the core.
C) the sudden collapse of the core into a supermassive black hole.
D) a close encounter with a neighbor galaxy.
E) the fusion of helium into carbon in their cores.
Q4) To which portion of the Milky Way are the Magellanic Clouds most similar? Why?
Q5) Discuss the population,size,and types of galaxies we find in our Local Group.
Q6) The first hint that the universe might be expanding came from Vesto Slipher's work with the spectra of spiral nebulae in 1912.
A)True
B)False
Page 30
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Chapter 25: Galaxies and Dark Matter: The Large-Scale
Structure of the Cosmos
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nearby galaxy has a radius of 4,000 million A.U.and rotates once every 800 million years.What is its mass in solar masses?
Q2) Collisions between galaxies are thought to:
A) have stopped about 5 billion years ago.
B) be commonplace.
C) have never occurred.
D) be extremely rare.
E) have only occurred between 10 and 15 billion years ago.
Q3) While we know of thousands of quasars,it is likely none of them still exist today.Explain.
Q4) When observing a very distant quasar,we are actually seeing the universe the way it was when it was much younger than it is today.
A)True B)False
Q5) Most large spirals and ellipticals are comparable to the Milky Way in mass. A)True B)False
Page 31
Q6) In the Local Group,how might even the Milky Way become a victim?
Q7) Why would spiral galaxies be less common now than in the early universe?
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Chapter 26: Cosmology: The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe
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Sample Questions
Q1) When dark energy is thrown into the mix,present observational data seem to indicate that the universe will ________.
Q2) The two different kinds of surveys that have given astronomers great insight into the structure and expanse of the universe are:
A) pie slice and pencil beam.
B) pie slice and redshift survey.
C) pencil beam and deep imaging.
D) pie slice and local surveys.
E) deep space survey and pencil beam.
Q3) The low density universe is an open one,with expansion continuing forever.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The critical evidence for cosmic acceleration in 1998 came from two teams of astronomers,both observing:
A) hypernovae.
B) gamma ray bursts.
C) type I supernovae.
D) type II supernovae.
E) ages of globular clusters.
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Chapter 27: The Early Universe: Toward the Beginning of Time
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Sample Questions
Q1) At this time,the universe is:
A) radiation dominated.
B) quark dominated.
C) lepton dominated.
D) matter dominated.
E) dark energy dominated.
Q2) Collectively,electrons,muons,and neutrinos are called:
A) hadrons.
B) baryons.
C) photons.
D) leptons.
E) pions.
Q3) The crossover point from radiation to matter domination occurred:
A) when the strong force separated from the other two forces.
B) with the emission of the cosmic background radiation.
C) about 50,000 years after the Big Bang, at a temperature of about 16,000 K.
D) with the creation of neutrons and protons, at about 10¹³ K.
E) with the creation of electrons and positrons at about 6 × 10 K.
Q4) Describe how the inflationary model of the early universe,a current matter density equal to the critical density,and dark matter are related.
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Drake equation now tells us that the number of technological civilizations in our Galaxy at this time is:
A) only our own.
B) five to ten at most.
C) perhaps 3,000.
D) millions.
E) not known; insufficient data to compute.
Q2) In terms of its thick and chemically active atmosphere of hydrocarbons,which jovian moon was visited by the Huygens probe in 2005?
A) Europa
B) Triton
C) Titan
D) Titania
E) Enceladus
Q3) The water hole is a region around Sun-like stars where liquid water can exist on the surfaces of terrestrial planets.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is an organic molecule based on? Why?
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