Physical Science Exam Review
Course Introduction
Physical Science is an interdisciplinary course that introduces students to the foundational concepts of physics and chemistry, exploring the fundamental principles governing matter, energy, and their interactions. The course covers topics such as motion and forces, energy transformations, the structure of atoms and molecules, properties of matter, chemical reactions, and the laws that describe physical phenomena in the universe. Through a combination of theoretical study, practical experiments, and real-world applications, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how physical science shapes the world around them and prepares them for further studies in scientific and technical fields.
Recommended Textbook
Astronomy Today 8th Edition by Eric Chaisson
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28 Chapters
2941 Verified Questions
2941 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1005
Page 2
Chapter 1: Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of Astronomy
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19903
Sample Questions
Q1) The angular size of an object depends on which two quantities?
A) the object's actual size and its mass
B) the object's distance from us and its brightness
C) the object's actual size and its distance from us
D) the objects brightness and its mass
Answer: C
Q2) While watching a star,you see it moves 15 degrees across the sky.How long have you been watching it?
A) 1 hour
B) 3 hours
C) 15 minutes
D) 15 seconds
E) 1 minute
Answer: A
Q3) Why did early civilizations observe constellations?
A) only for religious reasons
B) for practical reasons, such as navigation and helping to determine seasons
C) only for recreational reasons
D) only to predict a person's destiny
Answer: B
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science
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100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jupiter lies about 5 A.U.from the Sun,so at its distance:
A) the Sun's gravity is just as strong as it is here at Earth.
B) the Sun's gravity must be five times stronger to hold massive Jupiter in orbit.
C) the Sun's gravity is five times weaker there than at one A.U. distance.
D) the Sun's gravity is 25 times weaker than its pull on the Earth.
E) the Sun's gravity is so weak that ultimately Jupiter will escape the solar system.
Answer: D
Q2) Kepler's first law worked,where Copernicus' original heliocentric model failed,because Kepler described the orbits as:
A) elliptical, not circular.
B) much larger than Copernicus had envisioned.
C) around the Sun, not the Earth.
D) being on equants instead of epicycles.
E) complex, with epicycles to account for retrograde motions.
Answer: A
Q3) Because he failed to observe stellar ________,Aristotle wrongly concluded we could not be in orbit around the Sun.
Answer: parallax
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Chapter 3: Radiation: Information from the Cosmos
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19905
Sample Questions
Q1) Why can't we be certain that the Andromeda Galaxy exists today?
Answer: Since it lies 2.5 million light years distant,the most recent image we have is still 2.5 million years out of date,so we cannot prove it is still there.It probably is,though.
Q2) Light that has all the electrical fields vibrating in the same plane is said to be ________.
Answer: polarized
Q3) If a wave's frequency doubles,its wavelength:
A) is halved.
B) is also doubled.
C) is unchanged, as c is constant.
D) is now 4 times longer.
E) becomes 16 times longer.
Answer: A
Q4) How can you determine the distance to a spacecraft from the time it takes its radio signal to reach Earth?
Answer: In vacuum,all electromagnetic radiation,including radio waves,travel at the same speed: 300,000 km/s.Measuring the time it takes the radio signal to reach us and multiplying by 3000,000 km/s gives the distance to the spacecraft.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Spectroscopy: The Inner Workings of Atoms
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19906
Sample Questions
Q1) The three laws dealing with the creation of various spectra are due to:
A) Newton.
B) Fraunhofer.
C) Kirchhoff.
D) Bohr.
E) Einstein.
Q2) Typical stellar spectra appear as:
A) a series of bright, colored lines.
B) an unbroken rainbow of colors.
C) a rainbow, but with some dark lines mixed in.
D) a rainbow with some bright lines on top of the continuum.
E) a very redshifted rainbow due to the expansion of the universe.
Q3) Why is spectroscopy important to astronomers?
Q4) The ________ explains why the spectral lines from a rapidly rotating star are broader than those from a slowly rotating star.
Q5) The radial velocity of a star's motion in space can also broaden its spectral lines.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain how Bohr's model creates emission and absorption lines in the spectrum.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Telescopes: The Tools of Astronomy
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which design is subject to chromatic aberration?
A) refractor
B) prime focus reflector
C) Newtonian reflector
D) Cassegrain reflector
E) Gregorian reflector
Q2) Why doesn't the Hubble Space Telescope need adaptive optics?
Q3) CCD detectors gather light 10-20 times faster than the most sensitive photographic film.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Diffraction is the tendency of light to:
A) spread around corners.
B) separate into its component colors.
C) bend through a lens.
D) disperse within a prism.
E) reflect off a mirror.
Q5) What are some advantages of radio telescopes over optical scopes?
Q6) Compare how doubling the diameter of a mirror will affect both resolution and light grasp.
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Chapter 6: The Solar System: Comparative Planetology and Formation Models
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151 Verified Questions
151 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19908
Sample Questions
Q1) One possible way that future scientists may determine whether the core-accretion model or the gravitational instability theory better explains the formation of the jovian planet is:
A) measuring the mass of the rocky material in the jovian planets' cores.
B) measuring the metallic hydrogen layer in the jovian planets.
C) observing the changes in the rings around the jovian planets.
D) observing the changes in the magnetic fields of the jovian planets.
Q2) In composition,mass,and density,Jupiter is most like:
A) a huge comet.
B) a gigantic asteroid.
C) the Sun.
D) a huge Kuiper belt Object.
E) a large terrestrial planet.
Q3) All of the jovian planets rotate more rapidly than any of the terrestrial planets.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Name several characteristics the orbits of the eight planets share.
Q5) For what reasons do we consider the planets of the solar system to be of two fundamentally different types?
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Chapter 7: Earth: Our Home in Space
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Almost all of our atmospheric gases lie in the:
A) ionosphere.
B) stratosphere.
C) troposphere.
D) ozone layer.
E) mesosphere.
Q2) When strong solar wind storms are diverted poleward by our magnetic fields,we often observe ________ in the ionosphere.
Q3) The region around Earth where the magnetic field traps charged particles is the:
A) ozone layer.
B) exosphere.
C) Van Allen Radiation Belts.
D) corona.
E) aurora borealis and australis.
Q4) Why is the sky blue?
A) The atmosphere reflects the color of the oceans.
B) The atmosphere reflects the light from the Sun.
C) The atmosphere scatters the light from the Sun.
D) The oceans refract the light from the Sun into the atmosphere.
E) The oceans reflect the light from the Sun into the atmosphere.
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Chapter 8: The Moon and Mercury: Scorched and Battered Worlds
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112 Verified Questions
112 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19910
Sample Questions
Q1) To measure how Mercury spins,astronomers sent ________ to Mercury and used the Doppler shift to determine how fast it was rotating.
A) probes
B) laser beams
C) radar beams
D) a satellite
E) a single frequency radio signal
Q2) ________ has a rotation period of 59 days,2/3 as long as its 88 day year.
Q3) Which of these would support the capture theory of the Moon's origin?
A) the Caloris Basin on Mercury
B) the retrograde orbit and large orbital inclination of Neptune's moon Triton
C) the rings of all the jovians lying around their equators
D) the Pluto-Charon system
E) the four large moons of Jupiter orbit its equator
Q4) What is true of the Moon's orbital and rotational periods?
A) The rotational period is longer.
B) The orbital period is longer.
C) The rotational period varies with the Moon's phase.
D) They are equal.
E) The orbital period is greatest at full moon.
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Chapter 9: Venus: Earth's Sister Planet
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19911
Sample Questions
Q1) What are coronae?
Q2) Compared to Earth,Venus spins very rapidly.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The only spacecraft to successfully land on Venus were:
A) ESA's Giotto.
B) Russian Veneras.
C) NASA's Vikings.
D) NASA's Magellan.
E) NASA's Venus Rovers.
Q4) Venus can appear as a crescent through the telescope.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Venus' temperature is fairly uniform over the entire planet,both day and night.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Contrast the compositions and heights of the clouds of Earth and Venus.
Q7) Carbon dioxide is the predominant atmospheric gas on Venus.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Mars: A Near Miss for Life?
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19912
Sample Questions
Q1) The largest volcano in the solar system,________,is found on Mars.
Q2) The runoff channels on Mars were most likely formed by:
A) melting underground ice.
B) catastrophic, but rare flooding.
C) the annual melting of the polar ice caps.
D) glaciers.
E) rain that was part of a water cycle.
Q3) What piece of evidence suggests that the Martian moons did NOT form with Mars?
A) Their composition is significantly different from Mars and the terrestrial planets.
B) They have ages that are much younger than Mars.
C) They have circular orbits above the Martian equator.
D) They rotate synchronously, with one side tidally fixed toward Mars.
E) They are both irregularly shaped and are heavily cratered.
Q4) Running water played a major role in shaping Mars in ancient times.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the evidence that suggests the past and present existence of surface water on Mars?
Q6) If Mars' atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide,why isn't it as hot as Venus?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Jupiter: Giant of the Solar System
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the discoveries made by the Voyager probes while near Jupiter was:
A) Io has a featureless surface that never changes.
B) a thin ring of dust around the equator.
C) the absence of a magnetic field around the giant planet.
D) that the Great Red Spot is uniform and featureless.
E) each of the four large moons produces a strong magnetic field.
Q2) What is the source of Jupiter's excess energy?
A) helium rain falling through its interior
B) the decay of radioactive elements in its dense core
C) nuclear fusion in its hot, sunlike core of hydrogen
D) the slow escape of gravitational energy released during the planet's formation
E) the tidal stresses of the large Galilean moons
Q3) The white zones of Jupiter are probably made of:
A) hydrogen sulfide.
B) water ice.
C) dry ice.
D) ammonia ice.
E) phosphorus.
Q4) The apparent "surface" of Jupiter is actually the tops of ________.
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Chapter 12: Saturn: Spectacular Rings and Mysterious
Moons
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19914
Sample Questions
Q1) The reason Saturn lost very little of its original atmosphere is due to its:
A) rapid rotation.
B) strong magnetic field.
C) ring system.
D) large mass.
E) many moons.
Q2) A typical ring particle is about the size of a snowball.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Saturn's orbital semi-major axis is almost twice Jupiter's.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What element is notably deficient in Saturn's atmosphere,and why?
Q5) What evidence suggests that Enceladus has ongoing geological activity?
A) Voyager 2 photographed liquid nitrogen geysers 10 kilometers tall.
B) Lack of impact craters on much of its surface, evidence of ice flows from possible volcanic activity, and geysers that supply material for the E-ring.
C) Voyager 1 showed sulfur eruptions all over its pizza-pie colored surface.
D) Enceladus is located within Saturn's Roche limit, and ready to blow up.
E) Enceladus undergoes severe tidal stresses from its resonance with Titan.
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Chapter 13: Uranus and Neptune: The Outer Worlds of the Solar System
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19915
Sample Questions
Q1) Volcanic eruptions on one satellite of the outermost jovian planets,Neptune and Uranus,have been photographed by spacecraft.Which satellite,and what is erupting from this type of volcanism?
Q2) Name two ways the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune defy the normal behavior of planetary magnetic fields.
Q3) Radiation darkening is a likely explanation of:
A) why Uranus' moons are less reflective than Saturn's.
B) the lack of distinct, visible bands in Uranus' atmosphere.
C) Uranus' extreme axial tilt.
D) the tilt of Uranus' magnetic field relative to the rotation axis.
E) why Uranus' rings are so much fainter than Saturn's.
Q4) The planet Uranus is:
A) easily visible with the naked eye.
B) barely visible with the naked eye.
C) only visible with a small telescope or binoculars.
D) only visible with a large, high quality telescope.
E) only visible with a space-based telescope.
Q5) Where do we find striking tectonic features among the small moons of Uranus?
Q7) Why do Uranus and Neptune appear bluish? Page 15
Q6) Describe how the motion of Uranus led to the discovery of Neptune.
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Solar System Debris: Keys to Our Origin
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19916
Sample Questions
Q1) Meteor showers are the result of debris left behind by the passage of a decaying comet.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The first hint of the role of asteroids in extinction of the dinosaurs came from:
A) finding the huge crater in the Yucatan.
B) finding dinosaur fossils with meteorites imbedded in them.
C) finding a layer of worldwide iridium enriched dust.
D) finding that dinosaurs were warm-blooded and smart.
E) finding that no volcanic eruptions were linked to their disappearance.
Q3) Typically,no more than a couple dozen potentially hazardous asteroids approach the Earth as close as 0.05 AU each decade.
A)True
B)False
Q4) We find that near perihelion,Pluto temporarily develops a(n)________.
Q5) What type of meteorite is the most abundant? Most easily found? Why the difference?
Q6) Describe the properties of meteoroids.
Q7) How does Pluto's behavior at perihelion support its planetary status?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Exoplanets: Planetary Systems Beyond Our Own
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74 Verified Questions
74 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Catastrophes" are NOT needed to explain:
A) the exceptionally large nickel-iron core of Mercury.
B) the asteroid belt.
C) our Moon.
D) the tilt of Uranus.
E) the appearance of Miranda's surface.
Q2) Astronomers have determined the detailed composition of all confirmed exoplanets.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Kepler and CoRoT missions use which technique to detect planet candidates?
A) radial velocity measurements
B) direct imaging
C) measurements of transverse motion
D) planetary transits
Q4) The ________ hypothesis was considered plausible in the 1800s,but is it no longer taken seriously.
Q5) Why do instruments that are looking for transiting planets need to look for very small brightness changes?
Q6) Describe an example of catastrophic creation in our solar system.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: The Sun: Our Parent Star
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19918
Sample Questions
Q1) The critical temperature the core must reach for a star to shine by fusion is:
A) 5,800 K.
B) 11,000 K.
C) 127,000 K.
D) 10 million K.
E) 100 million K.
Q2) About what percent of the incoming energy from the Sun reaches Earth's surface?
A) 80-100%
B) 70-90%
C) 60-80%
D) 50-70%
E) 30-60%
Q3) The vibrations of the Sun reveal information about:
A) the temperature of the core of the Sun.
B) the structure of the atmosphere of the Sun.
C) the interior structure of the Sun.
D) the production of energy in the Sun.
E) the magnetic field of the Sun.
Q4) Why are SOHO (the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)positioned beyond Earth's magnetosphere?
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Chapter 17: The Stars: Giants,Dwarfs,and the Main Sequence
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19919
Sample Questions
Q1) How can the color index give the star's temperature?
Q2) If a star has a parallax of 0.05",then its distance in light years is about:
A) 6.4 light years.
B) 12.7 light years.
C) 20 light years.
D) 65 light years.
E) 100 light years.
Q3) At the distance of Jupiter (6 times further away from the Sun than Earth)the amount of sunlight received per square centimeter different by what factor?
A) 6 times less
B) 12 times less
C) 36 times less
D) 6 times more
E) 12 times more
Q4) Stars of the main sequence all fall in luminosity class ________.
Q5) Knowledge of a star's temperature and ________ enables us to calculate its radius,surface area,and volume from the appropriate radiation law.
Page 20
Q6) What is the relationship between a star's mass and its lifetime?
Q7) What is proper motion? How is it related to transverse velocity?
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Chapter 18: The Interstellar Medium: Gas and Dust among the Stars
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes the shape of dust particles,based on polarization of light?
A) diamonds
B) cubes
C) spheres
D) disks
E) rodlike
Q2) When an electron in H changes its spin from the same to the opposite direction as the proton,it:
A) emits an X-ray photon.
B) absorbs a radio wave photon.
C) emits a radio wave photon.
D) absorbs a visible light photon.
E) neither emits nor absorbs a photon.
Q3) How does emission of long wavelength radio radiation from neutral hydrogen help us overcome the shortcomings of visible light in mapping out distant parts of our galaxy?
Q4) Interstellar matter is distributed very evenly through the galaxy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Star Formation: A Traumatic Birth
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the Hayashi track,a star drops drastically in both ________ and ________.
Q2) Protostars can be observed in:
A) the Crab Nebula.
B) the Andromeda Galaxy.
C) the Orion Nebula.
D) our Solar System.
E) the Helix Nebula.
Q3) What is the force that keeps a main sequence star from blowing apart?
A) magnetism
B) gravitation
C) the strong force
D) radiation pressure
E) electron degeneration pressure
Q4) In terms of Jupiter masses,what is the range of brown dwarfs? What are objects above and below this range called?
Q5) An interstellar gas cloud has the mass to form hundreds of stars.What generally happens to it?
Q6) Since brown dwarfs cannot ignite hydrogen fusion,how might we hope to spot them? What role does deuterium play in this?
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Chapter 20: Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of a Star
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/19922
Sample Questions
Q1) Mass transfer in binaries occurs when one giant swells to reach the:
A) Chandrasekhar Limit.
B) Cassini Division.
C) Hayashi Track.
D) Roche Lobe.
E) Herbig-Haro Limit.
Q2) What is a planetary nebula?
A) the bipolar jets ejected by a T Tauri variable
B) a planet surrounded by a glowing shell of gas
C) the disk of gas and dust surrounding a young star that will soon form a solar system
D) the ejected envelope, often bipolar, of a red giant surrounding a stellar core remnant
E) a type of young, medium mass star
Q3) Why can we say a star spends its life trying to maintain equilibrium?
Q4) Relate hydrostatic equilibrium to the star's mass,composition,and evolution off the main sequence.
Q5) Will the Sun ever turn into a brown dwarf? Why or why not?
Q6) When a low-mass star runs out of hydrogen in its core,it gets brighter.Why?
Q7) Most of our knowledge of evolutionary tracks comes from stars found in ________.
Page 23
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Chapter 21: Stellar Explosions: Novae,Supernovae,and the
Formation of the Elements
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Sample Questions
Q1) As seen in 1987,when two silicon 28 nuclei fuse,or when seven alpha particles are added to a Si-28 nucleus,the initial result in either case is:
A) the shedding of bipolar planetary nebula shells.
B) a nova explosion.
C) iron 56.
D) cobalt 56.
E) nickel 56.
Q2) What evidence is there that supernovae really have occurred?
A) Crab Nebula
B) supernova remnants
C) existence of heavy radioactive elements in nature
D) observations of the actual explosions
E) All of the above.
Q3) The central star of the Crab Nebula has now collapsed into a(n)________,whose energy keeps this famous nebula visible even in binoculars.
Q4) The maximum mass of a white dwarf is about ________ times the mass of the Sun.
Q5) Novae are more closely related to type II than to type I supernovae.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Neutron Stars and Black Holes: Strange States of Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The equivalence principle says that a person in an elevator that is in free fall feels the same acceleration as:
A) a person in an elevator going up with an acceleration of g.
B) a person in space, far from any gravitational source accelerating at g.
C) a person in an elevator going down with an acceleration of g.
D) a person in space, far away from any gravitational source with no acceleration.
E) a person in orbit of Earth accelerating at g upward.
Q2) A critical difference between millisecond and normal pulsars is that:
A) the millisecond ones are not associated with the galaxy, but scattered everywhere.
B) the millisecond ones are speeding up, but normal pulsars slow down over time.
C) the millisecond ones must eventually collapse into black holes.
D) the millisecond ones all have planets, while normal ones do not.
E) millisecond ones are only found in globular clusters, while normal ones are not.
Q3) The escape speed for a black hole's event horizon is the speed of light.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Not all neutron stars can be observed as pulsars.Explain.
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Chapter 23: The Milky Way Galaxy: A Spiral in Space
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Sample Questions
Q1) The period-luminosity relation is critical in finding distances with:
A) RR Lyrae stars.
B) trigonometric parallaxes.
C) spectroscopic parallaxes.
D) Cepheid variables.
E) pulsars.
Q2) Both RR Lyrae and Cepheid variable stars are stars that,when on the main sequence,were considered to be:
A) low mass.
B) intermediate mass.
C) high mass.
D) zero-age main sequence.
E) blue stragglers.
Q3) The Galactic Year is the time for our solar system to orbit the Galaxy; it is about:
A) 15 million years.
B) 225 million years.
C) 4.5 billion years.
D) 9.6 billion years.
E) 13.5 billion years.
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Chapter 24: Galaxies: Building Blocks of the Universe
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of galaxy are the two Magellanic Clouds? How do we know this visually?
Q2) The lobes of a radio galaxy can be as much as:
A) dozens of light years from the galaxy's nucleus.
B) hundreds of light years from the galaxy's nucleus.
C) thousands of light years from the galaxy's nucleus.
D) millions of light years from the galaxy's nucleus.
E) billions of light years from the galaxy's nucleus.
Q3) Almost all active galactic nuclei seem to be involved in ________ with neighbors.
Q4) What is true of the lobes of a radio galaxy?
A) They are perpendicular to the galactic plane.
B) They are hotter than the galactic core.
C) They radiate primarily in the X-ray.
D) They extend out along the galactic plane.
E) They form close to the edge of the galaxy.
Q5) Why do some radio galaxies appear to have lobes while some do not?
Q6) Why do astronomers speak in terms of redshifts rather than distances to faraway objects?
Q7) How can the size of a quasar be measured?
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Q8) What lines of evidence show that the Milky Way Galaxy is indeed a spiral galaxy?
Chapter 25: Galaxies and Dark Matter: The Large-Scale
Structure of the Cosmos
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gravity lensing lets us map the distribution of both visible and dark matter. A)True
B)False
Q2) If the merger theory is correct,the brightest active galactic nuclei should:
A) be in the smallest elliptical galaxies.
B) contain the youngest stars. C) contain the least mass.
D) contain supermassive black holes.
E) form small irregular galaxies.
Q3) Collisions between galaxies have little effect on the individual stars.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why did the quasar epoch end?
Q5) It is now believed the majority of mass for most galaxies lies in their dark halos. A)True
B)False
Q6) Giant irregulars are the most massive of all known galaxies. A)True B)False
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Chapter 26: Cosmology: The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe
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101 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The universal accelerating force could NOT be considered:
A) antigravity.
B) Einstein's cosmological constant.
C) dark energy.
D) vacuum pressure.
E) dark matter.
Q2) The cosmic microwave background is the total of all the radio emissions from all the galaxies and quasars in the universe.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In an open universe two parallel beams of light will:
A) remain parallel.
B) diverge.
C) converge.
D) circle back on themselves.
E) continue on forever.
Q4) With the exception of a few nearby objects,every galaxy in the universe is rapidly moving away from ours; therefore,________.
Q5) Does the universe have an edge or a center?
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Chapter 27: The Early Universe: Toward the Beginning of Time
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did the cosmic microwave background tell cosmologists about the early universe?
A) Nothing; it is a product of the black hole in the center of our own Galaxy.
B) The horizon problem, in that the microwave background is almost too isotropic
C) The discovery of dark energy and its role in accelerating the universe
D) The discovery of relativistic redshifts and the Big Bang
E) The dark matter in the universe is mostly baryonic in nature, for a closed Big Bang.
Q2) Relate the temperature of the Big Bang to pair production in the quark and lepton epochs.
Q3) Pair production can occur if:
A) the energy of two photons is greater than the combined mass-energy of a particle-anti-particle pair.
B) only virtual particles are produced.
C) photons are at the event horizon of a black hole.
D) one particle is struck by a sufficiently high energy photon that a pair of electrons is formed.
E) the particle and antiparticle have opposite spins.
Q4) During the Planck Epoch,all forces were ________,and the universe was considered as a singularity.
Page 30
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Comet impacts might have been a good mechanism for seeding the hot early Earth with the water and molecules of life.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Elliptical galaxies,with older stars,will be more likely to have evolved intelligences than the stars close to us in the Milky Way.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the material for life were introduced from space after the Earth formed,a major carrier would have been:
A) the solar wind.
B) tektites from the Moon.
C) comet impacts.
D) encounters with other solar systems.
E) iron meteorites.
Q4) What is the most important consideration in the "habitable zone" of a planetary system?
Q5) Why are type O,A,and M stars considered poor candidates to find a technological civilization?
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