Philosophy and the Human Experience
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores fundamental philosophical questions concerning the nature of human existence, meaning, and self-understanding. Through readings from classical and contemporary philosophers, students examine how culture, identity, morality, freedom, and reason shape the human condition. Discussions and assignments encourage critical reflection on personal beliefs, societal values, and the relationship between individuals and communities. By engaging with diverse philosophical perspectives, students develop analytical skills and a deeper appreciation for the complexities of the human experience.
Recommended Textbook
The Humanities Culture Continuity and Change Volume 1 3rd Edition by Henry M. Sayre
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Rise of Culture: From Forest to Farm
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Q1) Describe the picture of Paleolithic daily life that the human artifacts provide.
Answer: The human artifacts from the Paleolithic era provide a glimpse into the daily life of early humans. These artifacts include tools such as stone axes, spears, and scrapers, as well as cave paintings and carvings. From these artifacts, we can infer that Paleolithic humans were skilled hunters and gatherers, using tools to hunt animals and gather food. The cave paintings and carvings also suggest a social and cultural aspect to their daily lives, possibly indicating a form of communication or storytelling. Overall, the human artifacts from the Paleolithic era provide evidence of a resourceful and creative society that relied on hunting, gathering, and communal activities for survival.
Q2) Why might the Olmec have carved their leaders' heads in colossal size?
A)to intimidate potential attackers away from their sacred sites
B)to show the leaders as larger than life,like the gods
C)to provide supports for their sacred sites' roofs
D)to serve as markers for the leaders' graves
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Mesopotamia: Power and Social Order in the
Early Middle East
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Q1) Which structure in Neo-Babylonia do many believe was the legendary Tower of Babel described in Genesis?
A)the Hanging Gardens
B)the Ishtar Gate
C)the ziggurat of Marduk
D)the library of Ashurbanipal
Answer: C
Q2) How do the Ten Commandments differ from Hammurabi's Code?
A)Hammurabi's Code has no class distinctions.
B)The Ten Commandments were not written down.
C)Hammurabi's Code focuses more on religious matters.
D)The Ten Commandments provide an ethical code.
Answer: D
Q3) The Mesopotamian ziggurat,with its crowning temple,might have symbolized
A)an entrance to the earth's womb.
B)the triumph of good over evil.
C)a bridge between heaven and earth.
D)the sanctity of water.
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Stability of Ancient Egypt: Flood and Sun
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Q1) Why were the Kushites able to control Egypt during the eighth century BCE?
A)The Egyptians needed stronger leadership to thwart an Assyrian invasion.
B)The Egyptian pharaohs had become weakened due to inbreeding.
C)The Kushites invaded Egypt,killed the pharaoh,and seized control.
D)The Kushites controlled most of Egypt's debt from building programs.
Answer: A
Q2) Both Narmer in the Palette of Narmer and Senwosret in Senwosret Led by Atum to Amun-Re display
A)a bull's tail.
B)bejeweled sandals.
C)a false beard.
D)a nearly transparent loincloth.
Answer: A
Q3) Nubia was an important neighbor to Egypt primarily because it
A)offered better seacoast access for Egyptian sailors.
B)provided an ideal location for most of the Egyptian kings' tombs.
C)provided Egypt with most of its slave labor.
D)served as a trade corridor to sub-Saharan Africa.
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Aegean World and the Rise of Greece: Trade,War,and Victory
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Q1) In both the Iliad and the Odyssey,peoples' lives and choices are controlled by A)Zeus,king of the gods.
B)Ares,the god of war.
C)Athena,the goddess of wisdom.
D)the people themselves
Q2) The Greek concept of arête involves
A)showing compassion to one's enemies.
B)being the best that one can be.
C)accepting the gods' role in determining humans' fate.
D)demonstrating fidelity to one's spouse.
Q3) During his lifetime,an Athenian citizen could serve on the Council of Five Hundred A)once.
B)twice.
C)ten times.
D)twenty times.
Q4) Compare life in early Sparta with that in early Athens,bearing in mind that the two city-states later would conflict (the Peloponnesian Wars,434-404 BCE).
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Chapter 5: Golden Age Athens and the Hellenic World: The
School of Hellas
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Q1) The development of contrapposto,or weight-shift,as in the Kritios Boy,seems to have been motivated by a desire to A)dramatize the stories narrated in the decorative programs of temples and sanctuaries.
B)overturn the dictates of The Canon.
C)create a sculptural equivalent to entasis in architecture.
D)closely echo the writings of both Plato and Hippocrates.
Q2) The Parthenon's 40-foot ivory-and-gold statue of Athena was intended to represent A)the Delian League's wealth.
B)the cult of the body.
C)Pericles's mistress,Aspasia.
D)Athens's political power.
Q3) Compare a Classical statue (Doryphoros)to a Hellenistic one (Apoxyomenos),focusing on form and effect.
Q4) The primary duty of women in Athenian society was to A)maintain their husbands' businesses in the agora.
B)preside over their husbands' social activities.
C)produce male offspring for their husbands' households.
D)educate their children in reading and writing.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Rome: Urban Life and Imperial Majesty
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Q1) Why did Rome have multiple forums?
A)The overcrowded city needed places for the people to congregate.
B)Emperors competed with their predecessors to build the grandest forums.
C)Each major Roman god required a temple surrounded by a forum.
D)Augustus decreed that each of Rome's seven hills be crowned with a forum.
Q2) A theory about the Aeneid is that Virgil wrote it as an instruction manual for Augustus Caesar.If this idea is true,what do you think Virgil hoped the new emperor would learn from this work?
Q3) In exchange for protection and assistance,the plebian owed the patrician
A)half of his income.
B)10 years of military service.
C)20 years of servitude.
D)total obedience.
Q4) Compare the Roman insula with a domus,focusing on the ways the architecture emphasizes class distinctions.
Q5) As early as the eighth century BCE,the Greeks colonized
A)the area around the present-day city of Milan.
B)the southern coastal regions of the Italian peninsula.
C)the area immediately surrounding Rome.
D)the present-day Italian region of Tuscany.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Emerging Empires in the East: Urban Life and
Imperial Majesty in China and India
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Q1) The Qin dynasty embraced legalism,because it
A)advocated state power over the individual.
B)encouraged piety.
C)encouraged compassion among all people.
D)taught individuals respect for nature.
Q2) Compare the Book of Songs compiled during the Zhou dynasty to the yuefu songs collected by the Han Music Bureau,focusing on source and content.
Q3) Compare Hinduism's beliefs with Buddhism's.
Q4) Oracle bones were used to
A)record business transactions.
B)foretell the future.
C)make contact with ancestors.
D)practice writing.
Q5) What distinctive feature of Han houses became a standard of East Asian construction?
A)columns supporting a floor above
B)broad eaves of the roof
C)interior courtyards
D)uneven multiple levels
Q6) Examine Daoism and Confucianism as reflections of ancient Chinese values. Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: The Flowering of Christianity: Faith and the
Power of Belief in the Early First Millennium
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Q1) Early Christianity was syncretistic,incorporating into itself pagan traditions in order to A)deter potential converts from Judaism.
B)convert pagans by presenting Christianity in their terms.
C)prevent non-believers from converting to Christianity for political reasons.
D)prevent Christianity from being viewed as a secret cult.
Q2) The Roman emperor Constantine actively supported Christianity in Constantinople by
A)tearing down the pagan temples.
B)declaring Christianity the city's sole religion.
C)openly favoring Christians as officials.
D)persecuting pagans who refused to become Christian.
Q3) The Christian practice of baptism,idea of sacrifice for the good of humanity,and Jesus's traditional birth date all derive from the pagan cult of
A)the Greek Bacchus.
B)the Egyptian Isis.
C)the Phrygian Cybele.
D)the Persian Mithras.
Q4) Examine the role that music played in the early Christian church.
Q5) Argue for or against a radical Bible revision to include the Gnostic texts.
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Chapter 9: The Rise and Spread of Islam: a New Religion
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Q1) All of the following are included among Islam's five pillars EXCEPT
A)prayer.
B)fasting.
C)education.
D)pilgrimage.
Q2) Muslims generally avoid figurative imagery in the decoration of their mosques because
A)cleanliness is a worship requirement,so walls and windows must be free of paint.
B)Muhammad warned that image makers would face punishment on the Day of Judgment.
C)creating images is considered an act of people's vanity and thus a sin.
D)the Qur'an states that art in any form is an abomination against God.
Q3) The Kaaba is significant to Muslims because it is believed to
A)represent the physical center of the planet and universe.
B)house the remains of the prophet Muhammad.
C)be the largest mosque ever built.
D)be the oldest madrasa ever built.
Q4) Explain the Qur'an's statement for women to "act and dress modestly" in terms of the attitude expressed about women.
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Chapter 10: Fiefdom and Monastery, pilgrimage and Crusade: The Early Medieval World in Europe
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Q1) Discuss the changes in sacred music that occurred during the Middle Ages.
Q2) The Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy was a popular pilgrimage destination,because it contained the A)tunic that Mary wore when she gave birth to Jesus. B)bones of Mary Magdalene.
C)relics of a martyred child who refused to worship pagan gods. D)grave of the apostle Saint James the Greater.
Q3) List and explain medieval women's contributions to the arts.
Q4) List and explain the reasons for Pope Urban II's instigation of the First Crusade.
Q5) The medieval Franks differed from other Germanic tribes in that they A)were Catholic.
B)were peaceful.
C)were ruled by a king.
D)practiced feudalism.
Q6) Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne the first Holy Roman Emperor for A)building the monastery at St.Gall,Switzerland.
B)agreeing to support Leo in the First Crusade.
C)Christianizing the people of his vast empire.
D)driving the Germanic Lombards out of Italy.
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Chapter
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Q1) Discuss the historical significance of Sei Shonagon's zuihitsu,Pillow Book.
Q2) The Yoruba king must cover his face with rows of beads to
A)prevent his subjects from looking at him.
B)conceal his identity from the gods.
C)shield viewers from the power of his gaze.
D)avoid seeing the suffering of his people.
Q3) Pure Land Buddhism was particularly attractive to the Japanese during the Kamakura period because it offered the ability to A)own land.
B)escape familial clan-based authority.
C)escape from serving in the warrior clans' military.
D)achieve enlightenment in an afterlife.
Q4) Chinese imperial palaces never faced north
A)to imitate the flow of the rivers.
B)to position themselves in front of the North Star.
C)to position themselves in front of the northern mountains.
D)to avoid evil spirits.
Q5) Discuss the use of the ballgame in the Popol Vuh and in Mesoamerican cultures.
Page 14
Q6) Explain the personal and social conflicts that the title character of Shikibu's The Tale of Genji encounters.
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Page 15
Chapter 12: The Gothic Style: Faith and Knowledge in an Age of Inquiry
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Q1) The University of Paris was most distinguished by its A)liberal arts program.
B)admittance of women.
C)quality of teaching.
D)center for the study of law.
Q2) The popular poem Roman de la Rose is based upon the relationship between
A)Peter Abelard and Héloïse
B)Jesus and Mary Magdalene
C)Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II
D)Abbot Suger and Louis IX.
Q3) Bruges was a desirable place to live in the late Middle Ages,because its A)climate was mild year-round.
B)rate of plague contraction was the lowest in Europe.
C)government was independent of any king's control.
D)people earned the highest wages in northern Europe.
Q4) Discuss the position and role of women and medieval education.
Q5) Identify two architectural innovations that enabled the Gothic structures to be constructed,and show how they contributed to new heights and design.
Q7) Compare Gothic cathedral architecture with Sainte-Chapelle's Radiant style. Page 16
Q6) Explain how the Gothic cathedral influenced musical composition and performance.
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Page 17
Chapter 13: Siena and Florence in the Fourteenth Century:
Toward a New Humanism
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Q1) Discuss the social realism of Boccaccio's Decameron and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
Q2) Examine Giotto's portrayals of the Virgin Mary in the Arena Chapel frescoes,comparing his with the work of at least one of the following: Duccio,Martini,Cimabue.
Q3) Why did Siena experience population growth after 1125?
A)Its free commune status offered release from feudalism.
B)While other city-states warred,it remained peaceful.
C)It lay on a critical trade route between Florence and Venice.
D)Massive building projects provided jobs and housing.
Q4) Chaucer wrote his Canterbury Tales in
A)Italian.
B)Latin.
C)French.
D)Middle English.
Q5) Discuss the late medieval views of women as presented in Boccaccio's Decameron,Petrarch's Canzione,and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
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Q6) Trace the origins of the Siena-Florence competition,focusing on the ways it manifested itself in the art and architecture of the two cities.
Chapter 14: Florence and the Early Renaissance: Humanism in Italy
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Q1) Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper fresco is unique for its A)inclusion of Judas.
B)psychological realism.
C)use of oil paint.
D)inclusion of the Sforza crest.
Q2) The first to master the principle of scientific perspective was A)Masaccio.
B)Donatello.
C)Filippo Brunelleschi.
D)Lorenzo Ghiberti.
Q3) Explain Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man as a humanist manifesto,a document that Pope Innocent VIII considered heretical and even imprisoned Pico for writing.
Q4) How did Filippo Brunelleschi construct his dome without temporary wooden scaffolding?
A)It was constructed on the ground and then hoisted into place.
B)Concrete was poured over a wooden form that stayed in place.
C)He invented a network of chains that eliminated the need for scaffolding.
D)The dome's ribs function as support,so scaffolding is part of the design.
Q5) Explain the Medici family's contributions to humanist scholarship and art.
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Chapter 15: The High Renaissance in Rome and Venice:
Papal Patronage and Civic Pride
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Q1) All of the following are major areas of humanist learning that Julius II commissioned Raphael to paint on the Vatican's Stanza della Segnatura EXCEPT
A)theology.
B)law and justice.
C)philosophy.
D)mathematics.
Q2) List the four frescoes of the Vatican's Stanza della Segnatura and discuss the balance that Raphael achieved both with and in them.
Q3) Outline the main advice that Niccolò Machiavelli offers rulers in The Prince.
Q4) Machiavelli saw the role model for his perfect prince in the Florentine ruler
A)Lorenzo de' Medici.
B)Girolamo Savonarola.
C)Cesare Borgia.
D)Cosimo de' Medici.
Q5) In the School of Athens,Aristotle directs his palm down to A)call attention to Diogenes the Cynic on the step below him.
B)manipulate the viewer's gaze to the vanishing point at his feet.
C)indicate that knowledge comes from study of the natural world.
D)emphasize his Nicomachean Ethics,which conflicts with Plato's Republic.
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Chapter 16: The Renaissance in the North: Between Wealth and Want
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Q1) Explain the tension between the clergy and those without money represented in the Heptameron's tale of the Spanish widow.
Q2) Unlike in Renaissance Italy,patronage of artists in Northern European cities came from
A)politically powerful families.
B)foreign sources.
C)artists' guilds.
D)the merchant class.
Q3) Bruges became the financial capital of Northern Europe because it
A)was a favorite destination of the Burgundian dukes.
B)was home to the Medici banking interests in the region.
C)occupied a central location.
D)was home to a great fair for painters,goldsmith,and jewelers.
Q4) Giovanni Arnolfini was a
A)painter in Jan van Eyck's studio.
B)member of the Bruges city council.
C)distributor of art in Antwerp.
D)representative of Medici interests.
Page 21
Q5) Identify and explain the ways in which Albrecht Dürer represents a new trend in Northern art.
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Chapter 17: The Reformation: a New Church and the Arts
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Q1) Describe how and why Martin Luther changed the use of music in the church service.
Q2) Peter Aertsen painted the Holy Family in the background of The Meat Stall to
A)make his graphic painting seem more acceptable.
B)remind viewers to give thanks to God for their prosperity.
C)chide viewers for attending to the material instead of the spiritual.
D)equate animal slaughter with Christ's crucifixion.
Q3) How was Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece spared during the Calvinist iconoclasm?
A)It was covered over by a cloth.
B)It was dismantled and hidden.
C)It was deemed too beautiful to destroy.
D)Its wings were closed and painted white.
Q4) At the heart of Martin Luther's outrage at the Church's "salvation for sale" was
A)class inequity and injustice.
B)the Church's materialism.
C)unfair treatment of Northern Europe.
D)the Vatican's religious art.
Q5) Identify and describe the reasons for the Church's objections to the Bible being made accessible to the masses.
Q6) Compare Luther's ideas about reform with Thomas Müntzer's.
Page 22
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Chapter 18: Encounter and Confrontation: the Impact of Increasing Global Interaction
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Q1) Karesansui (dry)landscape gardens became popular around Kyoto,because the city has
A)volcanic-ash soil.
B)a mountainous terrain.
C)limited fresh-water sources.
D)a cold climate.
Q2) What had the Aztecs done that caused other native tribes to resent them and thus be willing to help Hernán Cortés in his conquest?
A)confiscated their gold and silver
B)established Tenochtitlán on the best farmland
C)raided their villages for sacrifice victims
D)seized their land to build Tenochtitlán
Q3) What must the Noh drama's main character resolve before his or her soul can find peace?
A)ancestral obligation
B)responsibilities to society
C)debts to the gods
D)inner conflicts
Q4) Describe the appearance and meaning of a karesansui Zen garden.
Page 23
Q5) Compare slavery in Africa from before and after the arrival of the Portuguese.
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Chapter
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Q1) Identify and describe the subjects and circumstances of Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors.
Q2) Analyze the English propagandizing of the marriage between Pocahontas (Rebecca)and John Rolfe-how it was used as propaganda and why.
Q3) Sixteenth-century London's construction and population growth was precipitated by A)Henry VIII's death.
B)the Dissolution Act of 1536.
C)the end of the Black Death.
D)England's defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Q4) In his Adages,Desiderius Erasmus seems to equate Henry VIII with A)Achilles.
B)Aeneas.
C)Hector.
D)Oedipus.
Q5) English families agreed to colonize Roanoke Island in 1587
A)to gain religious freedom.
B)in exchange for land.
C)to avoid imprisonment.
D)to escape tyrant English landlords.
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Chapter 20: The Early Counter-Reformation and Mannerism:
Restraint and Invention
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Q1) In Consecration of the Virgin,why did Lavinia Fontana paint not her patrons but their children?
A)Children require more skill to portray than adults.
B)She wanted to emphasize Mary's role as a mother.
C)She wanted to show the familial continuity of the Church's flock.
D)Jesus promised that heaven belonged to children.
Q2) Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote is a A)romance.
B)travelogue.
C)epistolary novel.
D)picaresque novel.
Q3) From Titian to El Greco to Anguissola to Gentileschi,hands (mano)command special attention in Mannerist art.Describing specific examples,explain what the artists were doing by calling attention to their subjects' hands.
Q4) Identify the post-Council of Trent Catholic regulations about religious art and,describing at least one example,explain the irony of the developments in secular art.
Q5) Identify at least three characteristics of Mannerist style in visual art.
Page 25
Q6) List and explain three reforms the Council of Trent mandated.
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