Personality Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Personality Psychology explores the scientific study of individual differences in behavior, thought, and emotion. This course examines major theories of personality, including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological perspectives. Students will analyze how personality is assessed, the role of genetic and environmental factors, and the impact of personality on mental health and life outcomes. Through discussion of empirical research and real-world applications, the course encourages critical thinking about personality development, stability, and change throughout the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 4th Edition by Randy J. Larsen
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most grand theories of personality focus on the _____ level of analysis.
A)idiographic
B)human nature
C)individual uniqueness
D)group and individual differences
Answer: B
Q2) Which domain focuses most on the relationships between personality and health behaviors?
A)dispositional
B)adjustment
C)social and cultural
D)cognitive-experiential
Answer: B
Q3) Every time Sid walks into the room everyone laughs.This demonstrates the person-environment interaction of A)evocation.
B)elocution.
C)exultation.
D)emaciation.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the major types of research design?
A)Correlational
B)Physiological
C)Experimental
D)Case study
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is the best reason for collecting self-report data?
A)Individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves.
B)Observer bias is very difficult to remove from the data.
C)The desire to portray oneself in a positive light is very prevalent.
D)There is an almost total lack of bias in self-report data.
Answer: A
Q3) If a personality measure is given to a person four times, and each time the person receives the same score, we know the measure is A)reliable.
B)valid.
C)statistically significant.
D)repetitive.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cattell's model of personality has been criticized on the grounds that
A)he published over a thousand pages a year during his most productive years.
B)his empirical strategies were weak and ill-defined.
C)his model of personality has failed to be replicated by other researchers.
D)his views on personality traits were biased and, therefore, were ignored by most researchers.
Answer: C
Q2) Eysenck put the most important traits at
A)the top of his hierarchy.
B)the bottom of his hierarchy.
C)an intermediate level in his hierarchy.
D)the third level of his hierarchy.
Answer: A
Q3) The primary dimensions in Wiggins's circumplex model are love and A)hate.
B)dominance.
C)interpersonal behavior.
D)neuroticism.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of rank order consistency suggests that A)traits are not consistent over time within an individual.
B)trait levels in an individual may decrease with age when compared to the general population.
C)a person with more of a trait at one time will have a different trait score at another time.
D)trait levels are unaffected by the chronological age of an individual.
Q2) Today, polygraph tests are most often used
A)by fast food restaurants.
B)by government agencies.
C)in courtrooms.
D)to select graduate students.
Q3) Single measures of behavior
A)predict behavior well in other situations.
B)predict behavior well over time.
C)are poor measures of anything.
D)are typically face valid.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study found that men who had many childhood temper tantrums later
A)achieved higher levels of academic success.
B)were more likely to be divorced.
C)had more successful military careers.
D)achieved great financial success.
Q2) _____ usually is/are defined as the individual differences that show up early in life and are likely to be heritable and involved in behaviors linked with emotionality.
A)Traits
B)Temperament
C)Individual differences
D)Dispositions
Q3) If you measure self-esteem every day for two weeks, you are probably most interested in
A)self-esteem level.
B)self-esteem variability.
C)possible selves.
D)feared selves.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nonshared family environment is best expressed as those aspects of the family environment that
A)are uniquely experienced by the family.
B)are uniquely experienced by an individual family member.
C)are hoarded by the family members.
D)represent differential genetic dimorphism
Q2) The argument over whether the environment or genes determines personality is known as
A)the eugenics debate.
B)the nature-nurture debate.
C)heritability.
D)the equal environments assumption.
Q3) Barbara is a renowned naturalist.Her parents were both park rangers and she grew up in various national parks.Barbara's predilection to become a naturalist was most likely due to a ______ genotype-environment correlation.
A)active
B)positive
C)negative
D)passive
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following physiological mechanisms is thought to control overall cortical arousal?
A)Parasympathetic nervous system
B)Ascending reticular activating system or ARAS
C)Behavioral activation system or BAS
D)Behavioral inhibition system or BIS
Q2) To obtain an accurate measure of cardiovascular activity researchers typically
A)measure the number of heartbeats per minute.
B)measure skin conductance between heartbeats.
C)measure the intervals between heartbeats.
D)measure the average systolic blood pressure.
Q3) Mike flies non-stop from San Francisco to London.He finds he has little trouble with the time change.Most likely Mike is a(n)
A)novelty-seeking type
B)evening type
C)extraverted type
D)diurnal type
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Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alma believes in long-term relationships.She will not date divorced men and does not believe in premarital sexual intercourse.She is most likely pursuing a(n) _____ mating strategy.
A)restricted
B)indiscriminate
C)unrestricted
D)coy
Q2) Women who pursue an unrestricted mating strategy prefer men _____ than women who pursue a restricted mating strategy.
A)who will invest significantly more in their children
B)who are significantly more physically attractive
C)who have a much better set of personality traits
D)who will make strong commitments to their relationship
Q3) Darwin is credited as the first to
A)notice that changes in species occur over time.
B)notice that species were adapted to their environments.
C)propose the process by which species adapt to their environments.
D)use the term "survival of the fittest."
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Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is the defense mechanism that prevents unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and urges from reaching consciousness.
A)Repression
B)Projection
C)Denial
D)Sublimation
Q2) According to Freud, children first begin to direct sexual desire outward during the _____ stage?
A)Oral
B)Anal
C)Phallic
D)Genital
Q3) According to Freud, which stage focuses on the sexual gratification on the mouth, lips, and tongue?
A)Oral
B)Anal
C)Phallic
D)Latency
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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Q1) According to Erikson, each stage of development
A)does not involve a crisis.
B)could only be resolved either adaptively.
C)was more sexual than social.
D)could result in fixation and arrested development.
Q2) Holly Ramona's memories of being abused as a child were
A)most likely implanted in her memory by her therapist.
B)considered accurate by memory researchers.
C)were thought to be misinterpretations of childhood fantasies.
D)based on the manifest content of her dreams.
Q3) The _____ view holds that information in our unconscious mind operates mostly the same as information in our conscious mind.
A)id psychology
B)Freudian
C)social power
D)cognitive unconscious
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Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following defense mechanisms did Rogers theorize?
A)Reaction formation
B)Sublimation
C)Distortion
D)Projection
Q2) Henry Murray was a _____ before turning to work on motivation.
A)physician, embryologist, and biochemist
B)lawyer
C)entrepreneur
D)priest
Q3) According to Murray, people might purposely increase tension
A)only if they suffered from mental illness.
B)because they wanted attention from others.
C)because the process of reducing tension can be pleasurable.
D)None of these.
Q4) McClelland described two different types of motivation,
A)internal motivation and external motivation.
B)alpha press and beta press.
C)implicit motivation and self-attributed motivation.
D)conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person who "sees the trees rather than the forest" is said to be
A)a defensive pessimist.
B)field-dependent.
C)field-independent.
D)an optimist.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an example of a generalized expectancy?
A)The belief that people are solely responsible for their actions.
B)The belief that all tests are unfair.
C)The belief that good things happen to lucky people.
D)None of these.They are all examples of generalized expectancy.
Q3) The person most associated with research on reducing/augmenting is A)Goleman.
B)Petrie.
C)Seligman.
D)Witkin.
Q4) What is defined as "intelligent behavior"
A)is consistent across cultures.
B)differs across cultures.
C)is only found in Western cultures.
D)None of these.
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Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ekman has argued that primary emotion facial expressions are innate based on A)universal recognition of facial expressions.
B)research that shows people who are blind from birth make facial expressions.
C)factor analysis.
D)universal recognition of facial expressions and the observation of blind persons' facial expressions.
Q2) Researchers agree that
A)it is better to be high on affect intensity.
B)it is better to be low on affect intensity.
C)it is better to be high on affect intensity most of the time.
D)we cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity.
Q3) Correlational studies have
A)provided evidence of a direct effect of personality on happiness.
B)provided evidence of an indirect effect of personality on happiness.
C)shown that high extraversion and low neuroticism are associated with happiness.
D)shown that personality type causes happiness.
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Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are _____ types of identify theft, _____.
A)two; impersonation and misrepresentation
B)two; account takeover and application fraud
C)three; impersonation, misrepresentation, and omission
D)three; account takeover, application fraud, and document falsification
Q2) A person who has an identity deficit
A)has trouble making decisions.
B)experiences more identity contrast.
C)has more difficulty changing his or her identity.
D)has trouble making decisions and experiences more identity contrast.
Q3) A person who fails an exam will
A)feel bad if doing well on the exam was important to his or her self-concept.
B)feel bad if he or she has low self-esteem.
C)feel bad if he or she has high self-esteem.
D)likely begin to self-handicap.
Q4) A positive aspect of defensive pessimism is that
A)it helps transform anxiety into pleasure.
B)it leads to motivation.
C)other people find it attractive.
D)All of these.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who score low on intellect-openness tend to use the manipulation tactic of _____ most.
A)reason
B)social comparison
C)regression
D)silent treatment
Q2) The complimentary needs theory states that individuals select mates
A)with personality characteristics that differ from theirs.
B)who fulfill their needs for being complimented and flattered.
C)with personality characteristics similar to their own.
D)who have characteristics that are related to marital satisfaction.
Q3) Which of the following is most important to most people in choosing a mate?
A)Political ideology
B)Personality characteristics
C)Health
D)Good looks
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Sex, Gender, and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) From an evolutionary perspective, the optimal reproductive strategy for men is to A)withhold sex until you find the perfect mate.
B)invest heavily in one mate.
C)mate indiscriminately with as many women as possible.
D)attempt to mate with a modal number of women.
Q2) A person's general self-evaluation is known as A)global self-esteem.
B)domain-specific self-esteem.
C)self-esteem variability.
D)overall self concept.
Q3) The one sex difference that shows virtually no overlap in the distributions of men and women is in A)warmth.
B)self-esteem.
C)sexuality.
D)testosterone levels.
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18
Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Egalitarianism is associated with A)high-variance conditions.
B)low-variance conditions.
C)agricultural cultures.
D)cultures of honor.
Q2) Recent research suggests that
A)some of the cultural differences observed by Mead were inaccurate.
B)the idea of cultural universals is untenable.
C)cultural universals are more important than cultural differences.
D)within-culture variation is much smaller than between culture variation.
Q3) Nisbett's "cultures of honor" is an example of A)interdependence.
B)independence.
C)evoked culture.
D)transmitted culture.
Q4) Margaret Mead argued
A)for cultural universals.
B)against cultural universals.
C)for within-culture variation.
D)that historical eras were important to culture.
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Chapter 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health
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Q1) In the _____ model, personality has its effect on people's ability to cope with events.
A)health behavior
B)interactional
C)transactional
D)predisposition
Q2) In the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of resistance is characterized by A)the fight-or-flight response.
B)exhaustion.
C)increased physiological energy.
D)arteriosclerosis.
Q3) _____ the subjective feelings of being overwhelmed by events that seem uncontrollable.
A)Stress is
B)Stressors are
C)Appraisals are
D)Pessimism is
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most prevalent personality disorder discussed in your text is
A)histrionic.
B)dependant.
C)avoidant.
D)obsessive compulsive.
Q2) The following are all things a person married to an individual with borderline personality disorder may do to help form a stable relationship with their partner EXCEPT
A)Provide structure and support.
B)Be accepting and stable.
C)Concentrate on trouble as it occurs.
D)Meets expectations for commitment.
Q3) A person who is preoccupied with order and perfection most likely has _____ personality disorder.
A)histrionic
B)dependent
C)antisocial
D)obsessive-compulsive
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Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following concepts is studied by researchers examining the social and cultural domain of personality?
A)Individualism/Collectivism
B)Psychopathology
C)Pleasantness/Unpleasantness
D)Introversion/Extraversion
Q2) All of the following are questions personality psychologists that study the dispositional domain will continue to ask in the future EXCEPT
A)How many new personality traits exist?
B)How will future advancements in measurement theory affect the study of personality dispositions?
C)How do personality traits interact with situations to produce behaviors?
D)Are the major personality traits of human personality moderately heritable?
Q3) The fact that our world is becoming "smaller" demonstrates the importance of the _____ domain.
A)intrapsychic
B)social and cultural
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential
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