Personality and Social Behaviour Solved
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Course Introduction
This course explores the major theories and empirical findings in the areas of personality and social behavior, examining how individual differences and social contexts interact to shape human thoughts, feelings, and actions. Students will study the development and assessment of personality traits, the influence of culture and socialization on behavior, and the dynamics of social cognition, attitudes, and group processes. Through analyzing both classic and contemporary research, the course encourages critical thinking about the ways in which personality and social factors together influence interpersonal relationships, decision-making, conformity, aggression, and prosocial behaviors.
Recommended Textbook
THINK Social Psychology 1st Canadian Edition by Kimberley Duff
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Chapter 1: What Is Social Psychology
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Q1) The ________ is a phenomenon that causes individuals to assume that everyone shares the same opinion they do.
A) false consensus
B) hindsight bias
C) confirmation bias
D) differential construal
Answer: A
Q2) The sociocultural perspective focuses on the relationship between social behaviour and culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The availability heuristic refers to:
A) decisions based on proximity to others.
B) judgments based on how easily information comes to mind.
C) perceptions guided by how busy our lives are.
D) how individuals strive to conserve physical effort.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Science of Social Psychology
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Q1) When a participant's suspicions, expectations, or assumptions about the study influence the results this is known as ______________.
A) confounding
B) participant bias
C) deception
D) invalidity
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding steps in the research process?
A) Social psychologists may state their predictions only after they have been tested.
B) Social psychologists cannot ethically deceive experiment participants for any reason.
C) Researchers must take cultural variables into consideration to ensure experimental validity.
D) Wikipedia and personal blogs are good sources of reliable and accurate information. Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the perseverance effect? Provide an example and explain how it relates to stereotyping.
Answer: The perseverance effect refers to the phenomenon where once a stereotype is formed, it tends to persist even in the face of contradictory information. This means that even if individuals are presented with evidence that goes against a stereotype, they may still continue to hold onto their initial beliefs.
An example of the perseverance effect can be seen in the stereotype that women are not as capable as men in leadership positions. Even if a woman demonstrates strong leadership skills and achieves success in a high-level position, some individuals may still hold onto the belief that women are not suited for leadership roles.
This relates to stereotyping because once a stereotype is formed, it can be difficult to change people's perceptions, even in the presence of evidence that contradicts the stereotype. This can lead to unfair treatment and discrimination based on these entrenched beliefs. It is important to be aware of the perseverance effect and actively work to challenge and change stereotypes in order to promote equality and fairness.
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Chapter 4: The Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Josh believes that he will be more likely than his friends to graduate from university, earn a PhD, and get a high paying job. What concept defines this tendency to be overly positive? What are the potential hazards to being overly positive?
Q2) Which theory suggests that our self-concepts are impacted by the degree to which our actual selves match our ideal selves?
A) Self-determination theory
B) Social identity theory
C) Self-discrepancy theory
D) Self-perception theory
Q3) If you acted consistently across situations and behaved according to your own personal views you would be considered:
A) high in self-monitoring.
B) low in self-monitoring.
C) low in self-esteem.
D) high in self-efficacy.
Q4) Briefly define self-perception theory.
Q5) Your self-concept is made up of various beliefs you hold about yourself.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Social Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with an individual high in need for cognition, research suggests that an individual low in need for cognition is more likely to engage in what phenomenon?
A) The three-stage model of attribution
B) The self-serving bias
C) Belief in a just world
D) The correspondence bias
Q2) You see a man bump into and knock over an elderly woman crossing the street without stopping to help her up. According to the phenomenon of spontaneous trait inference, you would likely assume the man:
A) didn't realize he knocked the elderly women over.
B) had an emergency and needed to hurry.
C) was unkind.
D) was feeling sick.
Q3) The notion that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people is known as:
A) self-serving bias.
B) spontaneous trait inference.
C) need for cognition.
D) belief in a just world.
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Chapter 6: Attitudes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding the affect of observational learning on attitudes is true?
A) Attitudes formed through observational learning are never strong.
B) Attitudes formed through observational learning cannot be reversed.
C) Attitudes formed through observational learning can be reversed.
D) Attitudes formed through observational learning are not long-lasting.
Q2) The Implicit Associations Test is a measure used to assess explicit attitudes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following represents a main criticism of the Implicit Associations Test (IAT)?
A) The IAT only measures explicit attitudes.
B) The IAT measures associations of adjectives with specific groups but does not necessarily reflect an individual's real attitude.
C) The IAT only measures conscious attitudes.
D) The IAT does not capture associations between concepts.
Q4) Provide the definition of an attitude and describe the three major components an attitude.
Q5) Distinguish between implicit and explicit attitudes. Provide an example of each.
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Chapter 7: The Power of Persuasion
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Q1) Holly is trying to solicit donations for breast cancer research. Pick three of Cialdini's six 'weapons of influence' and describe how she could use them to persuade people to donate money.
Q2) When tennis star Roger Federer appears in commercials for Gillete Razor Blades, he is considered:
A) the model.
B) the source.
C) the endorser.
D) the spokesperson.
Q3) Suppose you are going to be giving a presentation to stop illegal online sharing of music and movies. You want to convince the crowd of your perspective, but your argument is weak. Consider source, message, and audience characteristics and describe one way, for each category, you could increase the persuasiveness of your argument.
Q4) Describe how attitudes formed through the central route differ from attitudes formed through the peripheral route.
Q5) For a fear-based appeal to be most effective, it should be as scary as possible. A)True B)False
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Chapter 8: Social Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) In grade school children, the correlation between conformity to parents and conformity to peers is:
A) negative.
B) positive.
C) nonsignificant.
D) highly positive.
Q2) Which of the following is a strategy that can be used to resist authority?
A) Take away the perceived authority level from the authority figure
B) Change proximity to the authority figure
C) Obey the authority figure while privately disagreeing with him or her
D) Both taking away the perceived authority level from the authority figure and changing proximity to the authority figure can be used to resist authority.
Q3) When we change our behaviour according to the mental representation of others and our relationships with them, this is:
A) symbolic social influence.
B) social norms.
C) inductive norms.
D) descriptive norms.
Q4) Name and elaborate on two strategies that can be used to resist obedience.
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Chapter 9: The Power of the Group
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you wanted to be part of the best performing group at your company, you would likely want what type of leader to run your office?
A) A transactional leader
B) An authoritarian leader
C) A transformational leader
D) A totalitarian leader
Q2) According to the concept of social facilitation, a social psychologist would predict that a talented pool player will perform ________ in front of an audience.
A) better
B) worse
C) the same
D) slightly worse
Q3) Women are more prone to social loafing than men.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does culture interact with social loafing? How does this relate to gender differences in social loafing?
Q5) Name and describe the three factors that may lead to arousal.
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Chapter 10: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Q1) If Julie is in a happy mood, you would predict that she would be:
A) less likely to stereotype.
B) more likely to stereotype.
C) more likely to favour the outgroup.
D) more likely to favour the outgroup and less likely to stereotype.
Q2) Suppose a university professor wants to promote increased cooperation and decreased prejudice in her classroom. What strategy could she employ? Describe why this technique would lend itself to decreased prejudice and increased harmony among her students.
Q3) Compare and contrast old-fashioned sexism and modern sexism.
Q4) Which of the following does NOT represent a strategy for reducing stereotypes and prejudice?
A) Provide better education
B) Increase interdependence between groups
C) Increase equal contact between members of different social groups
D) Increase competition for scarce resources
Q5) Consider the belief that victims of rape are to blame for their sexual assault. Using the just-world hypothesis, provide an explanation for this viewpoint. Why do some people subscribe to these types of beliefs? Is there a psychological benefit for the belief in a just-world?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Aggression
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Q1) A parent wants to reduce and/or prevent her child from engaging in aggressive verbal and physical behaviour. Using social learning, describe what this parent could do to decrease the likelihood of aggression in her child.
Q2) Punishment alone is effective to reduce aggression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) You are aggravated because you are late to meet your friends at the movies and cannot find the keys to your car. This illustrates:
A) aggression.
B) frustration.
C) relative deprivation.
D) disappointment aggression theory.
Q4) In one study with children, researchers found that those who had just played with a toy gun were:
A) less likely to share.
B) more likely to share.
C) more likely to knock down another child's tower of blocks.
D) no more or less likely to knock down another child's tower of blocks compared with a control group.
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Chapter 12: Attraction and Close Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________involves emotional withdrawal and refusal to communicate.
A) Criticism
B) Contempt
C) Defensiveness
D) Stonewalling
Q2) We often like those who like us back. This can best be understood as an example of:
A) the matching hypothesis.
B) mere exposure.
C) reciprocity.
D) proportion of similarity.
Q3) Mere exposure often leads to an increased favourable response towards a stimulus in all of the following circumstances EXCEPT:
A) when you have an initial favourable reaction.
B) when you have an initial neutral reaction.
C) when you have an initial negative reaction.
D) when you have either an initial favorable or initial neutral reaction.
Q4) Describe Sternberg's triangular theory of love.
Q5) What is the repulsion hypothesis and is there research evidence to support this idea?
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Chapter 13: Prosocial Behaviour
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Q1) Tara is debating whether she should spend her Saturday helping her friend move. Using the concept of cost-benefit analysis, describe how Tara might go about making her decision.
Q2) Based on information presented in your textbook, which of the following people would be most likely to receive help from others?
A) Rosemarie, a woman in her 30s who was diagnosed with breast cancer
B) Dawn, a teen mother of two young children
C) Paul, a heavy smoker who contracted lung cancer
D) Everyone would be equally likely to receive help from others.
Q3) As the number of people present in a situation ________, responsibility to help ________.
A) is constant; decreases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; decreases
D) increases; increases
Q4) Distinguish between egoistic and altruistic motivations for engaging in helping behaviour.
Q5) Define prosocial behaviour. Provide an example.
Q6) In what situations are men more likely to help compared to women?
Page 15
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