Perception and Attention Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundational processes underlying human perception and attention, examining how sensory information is acquired, organized, and interpreted by the brain. Topics include the psychophysics of sensation, neural mechanisms of perception, selective attention, visual and auditory processing, as well as the influence of cognitive and contextual factors on what we perceive and focus on. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks, experimental findings, and real-world applications, students will develop an understanding of how perception and attention shape our experience and interaction with the environment.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
A) Donald Broadbent
B) Colin Cherry
C) Newell and Simon
D) Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: A
Q2) Broadbent's notion that the mind could be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop that can be tested by further experiments.
A) models
B) approaches
C) memories
D) cognitive maps
Answer: A
Q3) Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of A) behaviorism.
B) Donderism.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) operant conditioning.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) The fusiform face area (FFA)in the brain is often damaged in patients with A) Broca's aphasia.
B) Wernicke's aphasia.
C) prosopagnosia.
D) Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: C
Q2) Ramon is looking at pictures of scantily clad women in a magazine.He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs.Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
A) Fusiform face area (FFA)
B) Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C) Extrastriate body area (EBA)
D) Functional magnetic area (FMA)
Answer: C
Q3) Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?
A) Temporal
B) Occipital
C) Parietal
D) Frontal
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is
A) heuristics usually take longer to carry out than algorithms.
B) algorithms are usually less systematic than heuristics.
C) heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do.
D) algorithms provide "best-guess" solutions to problems more so than heuristics.
Answer: C
Q2) A heuristic for finding a cat that is hiding somewhere in the house is
A) to systematically search every room in the house.
B) to first look in the places where the cat likes to hide.
C) systematically searching every room and looking first where the cat likes to hide are equally fine heuristics
D) none of these
Answer: B
Q3) Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide are actions are called A) perception.
B) sensation.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
A) weak signals can cause activation.
B) it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
C) all signals cause activation.
D) no signals cause activation.
Q2) Define change blindness.Explain two sets of experimental data that illustrate this phenomenon.
Q3) According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.
A) feature analysis
B) focused attention
C) preattentive
D) letter analysis
Q4) According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
A) The word "house"
B) Their spouse's first name
C) The word "fire"
D) The word "platypus"
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because A) saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
B) saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding.
C) talking makes the longer words seem even longer.
D) elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM.
Q2) Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory.She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory.Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists.On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list.On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent.Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as
A) short-term memory.
B) episodic buffering.
C) chunking.
D) proactive interference.
Q3) A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with A) STM
B) LTM
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Q1) Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M.who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures.H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
A) LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired.
B) impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C) a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
D) STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
Q2) You've now learned about the serial position curve.The relevant research in your text describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose).Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented).What would you predict for the results with the serial recall task?
A) The same serial position curve observed with free recall
B) A diminished recency effect, relative to free recall
C) A diminished primacy effect, relative to free recall
D) Diminished primacy and recency effects, relative to free recall
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Q1) People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination.As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place.This common experience best illustrates the principle of
A) the self-reference effect.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) levels of processing theory.
D) encoding specificity.
Q2) Your text makes the statement that "memories are stored at the synapses." Develop a discussion to explain the evidence that learning and memory are represented in the brain by physiological changes at the neuronal level.
Q3) Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.
A) long-term potentiation
B) retrieval cues
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) mass practice
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?
A) Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child.
B) Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently.
C) Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
D) Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony.
Q2) Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
A) failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
B) inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events.
C) source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.
D) increased confidence due to postevent questioning.
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Q1) Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model.In their modification, Collins and Loftus account for the typicality effect by
A) creating a "typical" node linked to special concepts in a category.
B) representing more typical concepts as higher in the categorical hierarchy.
C) using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts.
D) none of these
Q2) Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network.Describe the process of back propagation.How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?
Q3) Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S.presidents).
A) semantic network
B) definitional
C) prototype
D) exemplar
Q4) Describe the evidence from both physiological research and patient data to explain how categories are represented in the brain.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects.Their results showed that
A) there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
B) perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
C) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
D) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
Q2) Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?
A) The results of scanning experiments
B) Depictive representations
C) The tacit-knowledge explanation
D) none of these (they all support the idea that imagery is spatial)
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12
Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT
A) the context produced by the sentence.
B) the portion of the word that was presented.
C) the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme.
D) a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.
Q2) According to the situation model of text processing,
A) people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.
B) people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
C) it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations.
D) people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.
Q3) Define the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and describe the experiments on color perception that support it.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) The Tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n)____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach.
A) ill-defined; Gestalt
B) ill-defined; information processing
C) well-defined; Gestalt
D) well-defined; information processing
Q2) Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
A) Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight
B) Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target
C) Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
D) Using a wine bottle as a vase
Q3) The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.
A) lightbulb
B) Tower of Hanoi
C) radiation
D) Russian marriage
Q4) Describe the approach to problem solving involving search.Describe the elements of a problem space.Define the problem solving strategy known as means-end analysis.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Q1) Physiological research on problem solving has concluded that the prefrontal cortex (PFC)is important in problem solving because damage to this area causes
A) difficulty in people developing expertise in a certain area of knowledge.
B) people to lose their memory for facts that might aid in finding a solution.
C) an increase in perseveration.
D) an inability to recognize analogies.
Q2) PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks.They are unable to
A) identify events that were described in the story.
B) understand individual words.
C) follow the order of events in the story.
D) all of these
Q3) An omission bias would be most likely to occur when deciding whether to
A) include your ethnicity when filling out a job application.
B) send a belated happy birthday card to your favorite aunt whose birthday you forgot last month.
C) allow your pre-teen nephew to attend an unsupervised pool party.
D) tell your boyfriend that there is a football game on TV at the same time he agreed to watch a romantic comedy with you.
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