Operations Research
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Course Introduction
Operations Research is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It involves formulating mathematical models to represent complex organizational systems, employing techniques such as linear programming, network flows, queuing theory, inventory management, and simulation. Through quantitative analysis and optimization, this course equips students with the skills to analyze real-world problems in areas like logistics, scheduling, supply chain management, and resource allocation, ultimately enabling businesses and organizations to improve efficiency and effectiveness in their operations.
Recommended Textbook Business Research Methods 11th Edition by Donald Cooper
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Research in Business
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Q1) Sometimes business research may be unnecessary.Explain when this could occur.
Answer: Business research may be unnecessary in several situations.If the value of addressing the problem is less than the cost of the research,research is unnecessary.If the organization suffers from constraints of time,money,or skill,the research may not be appropriate.If the necessary information cannot be collected in a manner that is applicable to the research,it may not be necessary.Finally,if the decision is of low-risk anyway,research is unnecessary.
Q2) Business research may be considered unnecessary when _____.
A) management has insufficient resources to conduct an appropriate study
B) the risk associated with the decision at hand is low
C) the information is applicable to the critical decision
D) both a and b
E) both a and c
Answer: D
Q3) What is the difference between applied research and basic research?
Answer: Applied research is research that has a practical problem-solving emphasis and is conducted to reveal answers to specific questions related to action,performance,or policy needs.Basic research is designed to solve problems of a theoretical nature with little direct impact on strategic or tactical decisions.
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Chapter 2: Ethics in Business Research
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Q1) The approach to ethics that relies upon each individual's own sense of morality is known as _____.
A) ethical relativism
B) deontology
C) empiricism
D) utilitarian
E) scientology
Answer: A
Q2) In a restaurant complaint study,Dr.Jackson used deception to avoid biasing the participants.In this situation,what should Dr.Jackson do once the research is complete?
A) Apologize
B) Pay the participants
C) Debrief the participants
D) Seek psychological attention for the participants
E) All of the above
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Thinking Like a Researcher
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Q1) A variable is said to be _____ when it has only two values,reflecting the presence or absence of a property.
A) dichotomous
B) discrete
C) ratio-scaled
D) metric
E) continuous
Answer: A
Q2) To be categorized as a customer,an individual must have a history of shopping at the establishment at least twice prior to the start of the study with expenditures of more than $10.This is an example of a(n)_____.
A) hypothetical construct
B) conceptual scheme
C) operational definition
D) dictionary definition
E) mediating variable
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Research Process: an Overview
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Q1) Who answers investigative questions?
A) Management decision makers
B) Researchers
C) Field workers
D) Participants
E) Statisticians
Q2) Which type of management question asks "What do we want to achieve?"
A) Choice of purpose
B) Evaluation of solutions
C) Troubleshooting
D) Control
E) Concern
Q3) The fundamental weakness in the research process is _____.
A) incorrectly defining the research question
B) identifying a flawed sampling frame
C) misdefining the target population
D) failing to identify all relevant secondary information
E) skipping the exploratory phase
Q4) Explain the difference between interim evaluation and ex post facto evaluation.
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Chapter 5: Clarifying the Research Question Through Secondary Data
and Exploration
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Q1) The exploratory research phase of a research project allows a researcher to accomplish several objectives.Name three of the objectives common to this stage.
Q2) Suppose you were starting a research study based upon secondary sources about the use of computers for educational purposes in colleges.You should probably begin by:
A) Checking your library's online catalog
B) Search Books-in-Print for new publications on this topic
C) Checking several bibliographic indexes
D) Since this is a new technology area, consult the appropriate Doctoral Dissertation Abstracts bulletins.
E) Consulting the government research librarian
Q3) Intermediate storage facilities that compile locally required information are called
A) data mines
B) data marts
C) decision support systems
D) decision assessment systems
E) data warehouses
Q4) What are the three levels of information? Provide examples for each level.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Research Design: An Overview
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Q1) A statistical study is one that _____.
A) attempts to capture a population's characteristics by making inferences from a sample's characteristics and testing resulting hypotheses
B) emphasizes a full contextual analysis of a few events or conditions and their interrelations
C) discovers answers to the questions who, what, when, where, or how much
D) attempts to reveal why or how one variable produces changes in another E) provides repeated measures over an extended period of time
Q2) Discussions with those who are knowledgeable about the problem or its possible solutions are called _____.
A) brainstorming
B) experience surveys
C) focus groups
D) experiments
E) projection techniques
Q3) Compare and contrast the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
Q4) Explain the difference between a field setting,laboratory setting,and simulation.
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Chapter 7: Qualitative Research
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Q1) How can researchers increase the confidence business decision makers have in qualitative data?
Q2) What are some of the responsibilities of interviewers aside from conducting the actual interviews? Name five of these responsibilities.
Q3) All of the following statements about determining the number of group interviews are true except _____.
A) the broader the issue, the more groups needed
B) the larger the number of distinct market segments of interest, the more groups needed
C) the greater the level of detail, the more groups needed
D) the more homogeneous the market segment, the more groups needed
E) the larger the number of new ideas desired, the more groups needed
Q4) When using the _____,participants are confronted with a picture and asked to describe how the person in the picture feels and thinks.
A) word association
B) picture association
C) thematic apperception test
D) empty balloons
E) laddering
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Chapter 8: Observation Studies
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Q1) Which of the following is a type of behavioral observation?
A) Nonverbal behavior
B) Linguistic behavior
C) Activity observation
D) Extralinguistic behavior
E) Spatial behavior
Q2) A lie detector is actually a(n)_____ that measures electrical activity in the participant's skin.
A) galvanometer
B) video camera
C) eye camera
D) pupilometer
E) people meter
Q3) The study of how people organize the territory around them and maintain discrete distances between themselves and others is known as _____.
A) extralinguistics
B) feng shui
C) kinesics
D) proxemics
E) physical condition observation
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Chapter 9: Experiments
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Q1) Compensatory rivalry refers to the treat to internal validity brought on when _____.
A) people in the experimental group communicate the treatment with people in the control group
B) researchers compensate the control group as a sort of consolation for not receiving a desirable treatment
C) competition arises between the groups
D) control group members resent being deprived of a desirable treatment
E) an unusual event occurs when one group, but not both are participating in the study
Q2) What are the three types of evidence necessary to form a conclusion regarding the results of the bystanders and thieves study? Explain how each form of evidence would be used to draw a conclusion for the example provided.
Q3) True experimental designs differ from pre-experimental designs in that _____.
A) true experimental designs use random assignment
B) pre-experimental designs include the use of a control group
C) pre-experimental designs include the use of pre-tests
D) true experimental designs include multiple treatment groups
E) pre-experimental designs have fewer threats to internal validity
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Chapter 10: Surveys
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Q1) Which type of incentive has been shown to consistently improve response rates to surveys?
A) Free product samples
B) Money
C) Gift certificates
D) Prize draw chance
E) Receipt of post-study results
Q2) A telephone survey asks participants whether they have donated money to the Tsunami Relief Fund.This type of question is subject to _____.
A) nonresponse bias
B) acquiescence
C) social desirability bias
D) satisficing
E) sampling error
Q3) The survey mode with the greatest perceived anonymity is the _____.
A) electronic mail survey
B) mail survey
C) telephone survey
D) person-administered survey
E) intercept survey
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Chapter 11: Measurement
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Q1) The effects of fatigue,boredom,and social class on the measurement of an object are all errors originating from the _____.
A) situational factors
B) respondent
C) interviewer
D) instrument
E) sample
Q2) In the U.S.News and World Report study of school rankings,academic reputation is measured with five questions about each university.Which test will assess the extent to which those five items reflect academic reputation?
A) Test-retest
B) Cronbach's alpha
C) Parallel forms
D) Split-half
E) KR20
Q3) Explain the three characteristics of a good measurement tool.
Q4) Name the four sources of error in measurement and provide an example for each.
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Chapter 12: Measurement Scales
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Q1) A cognitive basis for an attitude means that the attitude is based on a _____.
A) feeling
B) behavior
C) value
D) culture
E) belief
Q2) All of the following are ways of combating the halo effect except _____.
A) reveal only one trait at a time
B) reverse the terms that anchor the endpoints of the scale
C) adjust the strength of descriptive adjectives
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q3) What term below refers to the process of assessing an attitudinal disposition using a number that represents a person's score on an attitudinal continuum ranging from an extremely favorable disposition to an extremely unfavorable one?
A) Attitudinal monitoring
B) Content analysis
C) Attitudinal scaling
D) Peripheral route processing
E) Attitudinal chain analysis
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Chapter 13: Questionnaires and Instruments
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Q1) A measurement question where the participant chooses the words to frame the answer is a _____ question.
A) double-barreled
B) leading
C) free-response
D) structured
E) multiple-choice
Q2) The issue of shared vocabulary in the design of questions asks _____.
A) does the question contain wording that implies the researcher's desire for the participant to respond in one way rather than another
B) is the question worded from the researcher's perspective or the participant's perspective
C) does the question ask the participant for information that relates to thoughts or activity too far in the participant's past to be remembered
D) does the question use words that have no meaning or a different meaning for the participant
E) is it reasonable to assume that the participant can frame an answer to the question
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Chapter 14: Sampling
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Q1) What is the standard error of the mean in the lakefront resort example?
A) .5
B) .065
C) .96
D) .13
E) 1.96
Q2) What type of sampling method should Brittany use?
A) Simple random
B) Systematic
C) Stratified
D) Cluster
E) Double
Q3) With which of the following sampling techniques is the practice of double sampling typically found?
A) Simple random
B) Stratified
C) Systematic
D) Purposive
E) Quota
Q4) Compare and contrast stratified sampling and cluster sampling.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Data Preparation and Description
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Q1) Which of the following code descriptions is most appropriate for coding responses to the vacation survey question?
A) 1 = beach, 2 = spa, 3 = adventure, 4 = big city, 5 = foreign travel, 6 = cruise
B) 1 = beach only, 2 = beach and spa, 3 = beach, spa, and adventure, 4 = beach, spa, adventure, and big city, 5 = beach, spa, adventure, big city, and foreign travel, 6 = all of the above
C) 1 = one item checked, 2 = two items checked, 3 = three items checked, 4 = four items checked, 5 = five items checked, 6 = six items checked
D) 1 = yes, 0 = no
E) None of the above
Q2) When viewing data entered into a spreadsheet,the columns identify _____.
A) records
B) variables
C) categories
D) coding instructions
E) variable labels
Q3) What is meant by stemming,aliasing,and the use of exclusion filters in content analysis software applications?
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Chapter 16: Exploring, Displaying, and Examining Data
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Q1) Considering the various choices for displaying data,which one will include values for which no observations occurred?
A) Pie chart
B) Bar chart
C) Heretical triangle
D) Stem-and-leaf display
E) Boxplot
Q2) Suppose you cross tabulate consumption rates with income and find no apparent relationship.When age is introduced you find that there is a relationship between consumption and income within age groups.This is an example of a(n)________ variable at work.
A) Antecedent
B) Component
C) Extraneous
D) Intervening
E) Suppresser
Q3) What advantages do stem-and-leaf displays provide over histograms?
Q4) Explain why percentage decreases can never exceed 100%.
Q5) Explain how to develop a stem-and-leaf display.
Q6) What can a researcher determine through the use of cross-tabulations?
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Chapter 17: Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) Which of the following hypotheses is a one-tailed test?
A) Hybrid cars get better gas mileage than traditional cars
B) There is a difference in the gas mileage of cars and trucks
C) There is no difference in gas mileage among two-door and four-door vehicles
D) There is a relationship between the number of miles to one's job and the gas mileage associated with his or her chosen car
E) All of the above are one-tailed tests
Q2) Statisticians recommend that the power of a test equal _____,that is,the probability that one will correctly reject a false null hypothesis.
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 80%
E) 95%
Q3) List the six-stage sequence for testing statistical significance.
Q4) Define the null and alternative hypotheses.Discuss the relationship between the two hypotheses.
Q5) What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error? How are the two errors related?
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Chapter 18: Measures of Association
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Q1) When the number of discordant pairs and concordant pairs in a P-Q relationship is equal,the interpretation is that the variables _____.
A) are perfectly correlated
B) have a weak but significant relationship
C) are normally distributed
D) have no relationship
E) have a negative association
Q2) It is possible for a correlation coefficient of .12 to be statistically significant when _____.
A) the variables have a positive covariance
B) the variables have a negative covariance
C) the sample is large
D) the sample is small
E) it is meaningful
Q3) What measure supports how well the regression equation is able to predict Y?
A) F test
B) Goodness of fit
C) R<sup>2</sup>
D) Alpha
E) P value
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Chapter 19: Multivariate Analysis: An Overview
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Q1) Which of the following statistical techniques predicts or explains the value for a dependent variable using the values of independent variables?
A) Factor analysis
B) Multivariate analysis of variance
C) Multiple regression
D) Multidimensional scaling
E) Discriminant analysis
Q2) In multidimensional scaling,the _____ is a lack of fit measure; higher values indicate poorer fits.
A) beta weight
B) stress index
C) R<sup>2</sup>
D) X<sup>2</sup>
E) factor loading
Q3) List the five steps that are basic to most cluster studies.
Q4) Explain the difference between forward selection,backward elimination,and stepwise selection for the imputation of variables in a regression equation.
Q5) Explain when and how a researcher would go about conducting a factor analysis.
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Chapter 20: Presenting Insights and Findings: Written Reports
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Q1) A writer can use a(n)_____ to determine how difficult the material is to read.
A) readability index
B) reading level index
C) comprehensibility index
D) editor
E) pretest
Q2) Which section contains a clear statement of the management question and the business research problem?
A) Approach
B) Problem statement
C) Background
D) Table of contents
E) Methodology
Q3) The target population being studied and the methods for selecting respondents are all part of the _____ portion of a research report.
A) research design
B) data collection
C) findings
D) introduction
E) sampling design
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Presenting Insights and Findings: Oral
Presentations
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Q1) Noted presenter and author Nancy Duarte reminds us of the need to treat your audience as your first priority: She states,"They didn't come to your presentation to see you.They came to find out what you can do for them." This means that you should:
A) give them a reason for taking their time
B) provide content that resonates
C) ensure that it is clear what they are to do
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) What is the Motivated Sequence form of presentational organization?
A) Uses time sequence for a framework [e.g., by when each research activity (focus group, survey, experiment) occurred].
B) The sequence of ideas, which, by following the normal processes of human thinking, motivates an audience to respond to the speaker's purpose.
C) First part describes the cause of a problem, the second describes its effect, and the third presents a solution.
D) Material is organized from the least important information to the most important.
E) Benefits, disadvantages, how benefits are superior are discussed.
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