Nutritional Biochemistry
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Nutritional Biochemistry explores the chemical processes and metabolic pathways by which nutrients and other dietary components influence human health. The course examines the digestion, absorption, transport, and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, and how these processes integrate to support growth, energy production, and cellular function. Emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient function, the impact of deficiencies or excesses, and the biochemical basis of diet-related diseases. Students also learn about laboratory methods in nutritional biochemistry and the role of nutrition in clinical and public health contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Wardlaws Contemporary Nutrition A Functional Approach 5th Edition by Gordon Wardlaw
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Chapter 1: Nutrition, food Choices, and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) For hydration,sports drinks are superior to water for athletes who participate in
A)workouts lasting more than 60 minutes.
B)workouts in cold weather.
C)strength training.
D)outdoor athletic events.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is true about the North American diet?
A)Most of our protein comes from plant sources.
B)Approximately half of our carbohydrates come from simple sugars.
C)Most of our fats come from plant sources.
D)Most of our carbohydrates come from fibers.
Answer: B
Q3) Shelby weighs 70 kilograms,which is _____ pounds. rev: 09_08_2014_QC_53268
Answer: 154
Q4) Vitamins and minerals ______ be broken down to provide energy.
A)cannot
B)can
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Designing a Healthy Dietary Pattern
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Dietary Guidelines,adults should _____ intake of fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.
A)decrease
B)maintain current
C)increase
Answer: C
Q2) According to MyPlate,food choices from the Grains group should include
A)an equal amount of whole grain and refined grain products.
B)at least half of the grain servings as whole grain cereals,breads,crackers,rice,or pasta every day.
C)only whole grain products.
D)a serving of grain products at each meal.
Answer: B
Q3) RDAs are not used in food labeling because
A)they are age- and gender-specific.
B)they are too generic.
C)there are too many of them.
D)their values are set too high.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which organ of the urinary system produces urine?
A)Kidney
B)Ureter
C)Urethra
D)Urinary bladder
Answer: A
Q2) What structure prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow?
A)Epiglottis
B)Tongue
C)Tonsils
D)Esophagus
Answer: A
Q3) What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine?
A)Pyloric
B)Esophageal
C)Anal
D)Ileocecal
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
A)Glucose
B)Fructose
C)Galactose
D)Sucrose
Q2) The two forms of starch found in food are
A)amylose and amylopectin.
B)maltose and mannose.
C)glycogen and glucagon.
D)soluble and insoluble.
Q3) The main function of glucose is to supply _______ for the body.
A)energy
B)vitamins
C)structure
D)hormones
Q4) Glucose is absorbed via ______ absorption.
A)passive
B)facilitated
C)active
D)participatory
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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Sample Questions
Q1) An omega-9 fatty acid has its first double bond starting at the ninth carbon from the A)acid group.
B)alpha end.
C)glycerol.
D)methyl end.
Q2) Studies of the Greenlandic Inuit population have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of fish and the risk for heart disease.What is the most likely mechanism for the reduction of heart disease risk when fish is consumed?
A)The protein in fish lowers the blood cholesterol.
B)Fish is low in cholesterol.
C)Fish supplies fatty acids that decrease blood clotting.
D)The carbohydrate in fish lowers blood cholesterol.
Q3) Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways?
A)They contain fatty acids.
B)They contain glycerol.
C)They usually contain three fatty acids.
D)They do not dissolve in water.
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Chapter 6: Proteins
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Sample Questions
Q1) Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as
A)an antioxidant.
B)an enzyme.
C)a hormone.
D)an antibody.
Q2) Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes,the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ______ that can leave the nucleus.
A)amino acids
B)chromosomes
C)mRNA
D)tRNA
Q3) The chemical bond joining two amino acids is called a(n)________ bond.
A)glycosidic
B)ionic
C)amino
D)peptide
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Chapter 7: Energy Balance and Weight Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Underweight is defined as a body mass index below _______ kg/m<sup>2</sup>.
A)18.5
B)19.5
C)20
D)21.5
Q2) The MyPlate Calorie Guideline for a 19- to 30-year-old active woman is
A)1600 kilocalories per day.
B)2000 kilocalories per day.
C)2400 kilocalories per day.
D)2800 kilocalories per day.
Q3) A very-low-calorie diet (VLCD),also known as protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF),allows a person ________ kilocalories per day,often in liquid form.
A)200 to 400
B)400 to 800
C)800 to 1000
D)1200 to 1400
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Chapter 8: Overview of Micronutrients and Phytochemicals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about vitamin characteristics?
A)They cannot be stored by the body.
B)They are inorganic.
C)They help regulate chemical reactions in the body.
D)They directly supply energy to the body.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a vitamin that is more bioavailable in its synthetic form?
A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin E
C)Folate
D)Vitamin B-6
Q3) When buying a vitamin or mineral supplement,look for ______ on the label for evidence the product has been tested for purity,strength,and quality.
A)UPS
B)SPU
C)PSU
D)USP
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Chapter 9: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most practical advice for prevention of hypertension is A)maintain a healthy weight.
B)engage in 60 to 90 minutes of vigorous exercise on most days of the week.
C)take diuretics.
D)restrict sodium intake to 2000 milligrams per day.
Q2) Metabolic water refers to
A)rehydration beverages that contain electrolytes.
B)water that is formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of macronutrients for energy. C)water that is conserved by the kidneys.
D)fluids that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Q3) For a healthy adult,the largest percentage of daily water output is attributed to A)feces.
B)urine.
C)perspiration.
D)lung respiration.
Q4) Potassium and phosphate are the major ______ electrolytes.
A)intracellular
B)extracellular
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11
Chapter 10: Nutrients Involved in Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process by which some types of white blood cells are able to engulf and destroy foreign particles is
A)erythropoiesis.
B)antibody-mediated immunity.
C)homeostasis.
D)phagocytosis.
Q2) Drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency is called A)dysphagia.
B)xerophthalmia.
C)cachexia.
D)apnea.
Q3) Research evidence shows that vitamin C supplements
A)reduce the duration of the common cold.
B)worsen the severity of symptoms of the common cold.
C)suppress the immune response to the common cold.
D)prevent the common cold.
Q4) A diet high in sugars,fat,and calories ______ the inflammatory response.
A)does not affect
B)promotes
C)inhibits
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Chapter 11: Nutrients Involved in Bone Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ is the mineral present in the body in the greatest quantity.The best dietary sources are milk and dairy products.
A)Boron
B)Calcium
C)Magnesium
D)Phosphorus
Q2) Older women may be at risk for phosphorous deficiency if
A)they include too much dairy in their diets.
B)they live alone,eat poorly,and take calcium supplements.
C)they live alone,eat poorly,and take hormone replacement therapy. D)they stay inside most of the day.
Q3) Substituting carbonated soft drinks for dairy products in the diet is a bad idea because the resulting high _______ intake combined with inadequate _______ intake leads to bone loss.
A)sodium;phosphorus
B)phosphorus;calcium
C)magnesium;sodium
D)carbon dioxide;calcium
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Chapter 12: Micronutrient Function in Energy Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is especially important in amino acid metabolism,neurotransmitter synthesis,and the synthesis of the heme portion of hemoglobin.
A)Vitamin C
B)Vitamin B-6
C)Thiamin
D)Riboflavin
Q2) Which of the following are the best thiamin sources?
A)Pork,whole grains,enriched grain products,and legumes
B)Root vegetables,cheddar-type cheese,and deep yellow/orange fruits and vegetables
C)Seafood,vegetables of the cabbage family,and whole grains
D)Milk,beef,and deep yellow/orange fruits and vegetables
Q3) In North America,which of the following populations is most susceptible to deficiencies of B vitamins?
A)Vegans
B)Pregnant women
C)Preschoool children
D)Alcoholics
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Chapter 13: Nutrients That Support Blood and Brain Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) The form of folate found in supplements and enriched cereal is A)folate.
B)folic acid.
C)folacin.
D)None of these responses are correct.
Q2) How many sources of non-heme iron are in a meal containing a tuna sandwich on enriched bread with milk and an apple?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
Q3) What is the name of the protein that transports copper in the blood?
A)Cysteine
B)Casein
C)Chaperone
D)Ceruloplasmin
Q4) Vitamin C and meat protein ______ nonheme iron absorption.
A)increase
B)decrease
C)do not change
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Chapter 14: Nutrition: Fitness and Sports
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name of the high-energy compound that cells use directly to fuel other chemical reactions?
A)Adenosine triphosphate
B)Glucose
C)Amino acids
D)Fatty acids
Q2) The use of sports drinks is most helpful for activities lasting
A)5 to 60 seconds.
B)1 to 5 minutes.
C)30 minutes.
D)60 minutes or longer.
Q3) Which of the following is a good pre-event meal?
A)Bacon,lettuce,and tomato sandwich
B)Milk shake
C)Cheese and sausage pizza
D)Bagel with peanut butter
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Chapter 15: Eating Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the health problems in bulimia arise from A)binge eating.
B)vomiting.
C)using laxatives.
D)eating sweets.
Q2) Many of the health problems associated with bulimia (e.g.,tooth decay,stomach ulcers,and esophageal tears)arise as a result of A)vomiting to purge excess calories.
B)low blood calcium levels.
C)laxative abuse.
D)low blood potassium levels.
Q3) The slower basal metabolism that accompanies anorexia nervosa is caused by A)decreased synthesis of growth hormone.
B)decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone.
C)low intake of iron.
D)hypoglycemia.
Q4) Coping with stress by eating is a characteristic of A)female athlete triad.
B)bulimia nervosa.
C)anorexia nervosa.
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Chapter 16: Undernutrition Throughout the World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not true about sustainable agriculture?
A)Sustainable agriculture involves maintaining or enhancing the land and natural resources for use long into the future.
B)Reaching the goal of worldwide sustainable agriculture requires participation by all stakeholders,including farmers,laborers,retailers,consumers,researchers,and policymakers.
C)Sustainable agriculture offers respect and fair treatment to farm workers,consumers,and the animals raised for food.
D)Sustainable agricultural practices have a promising role in developed nations,but would not benefit farmers and consumers in developing nations.
Q2) The primary cause of chronic hunger is A)poverty.
B)lack of technology.
C)cultural food preferences.
D)lack of local farms in developing countries.
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Chapter 17: Safety of Our Food Supply
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following can produce a foodborne infection?
A)Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella
B)Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus
C)Salmonella and Clostridium botulinum
D)Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens
Q2) Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection has been associated with consumption of
A)breakfast cereals.
B)bread made from organic flour.
C)fresh spinach or spinach-containing products.
D)well-done roast beef.
Q3) When it comes to caffeine,which of the following is not true?
A)The equivalent of 2 to 3 cups of coffee per day is considered to be a moderate and safe level of consumption.
B)Women suffer more deleterious effects of caffeine consumption than men.
C)Heavy consumption may lead to depression,decreased heart rate,and decreased mental alertness.
D)Those who are pregnant,have anxiety or panic attacks,or who have stomach ulcers should avoid or restrict consumption.
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Chapter 18: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
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Q1) During pregnancy,a woman should follow MyPlate's Daily Food Plan and consume
A)1-2 cups of calcium-rich foods from the milk and cheese group.
B)2 ounce equivalents from the meat group.
C)3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the milk and cheese group.
D)4 ounce equivalents from the grain group.
Q2) During each feeding,human milk changes composition in which of the following ways?
A)Carbohydrate increases
B)Fat increases
C)Minerals decrease
D)Protein decreases
Q3) Barb wants to make sure she gets adequate folate during her pregnancy.She should do which of the following?
A)Drink more milk.
B)Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.
C)Eat more meat.
D)Eat more orange or yellow fruits and vegetables.
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Chapter 19: Nutrition From Infancy Through Adolescence
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Q1) Children will more effectively develop the breakfast-eating habit if A)they are driven to school so that they have time to eat.
B)parents eat breakfast with them.
C)breakfast is prepared for them to eat while their parents are dressing for work.
D)they are given money to buy breakfast on the way to school.
Q2) Most formula products for infants contain
A)lactose,heat-treated cows' milk protein,and vegetable oils.
B)soy protein,glucose,and vegetable oils.
C)fructose and heat-treated cow's milk protein.
D)galactose and vegetable oils.
Q3) Approximately what percentage of obese adolescents become obese adults?
A)30%
B)50%
C)80%
D)90%
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Chapter 20: Nutrition During Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research suggests that older adults require ______ the current RDA for protein for adults.
A)more than
B)less than
C)the same amount as
Q2) Which of the following is true about aging?
A)Aging is a disease.
B)Models have been designed that are very predictive of the aging process.
C)The rate of aging is based on heredity and no amount of lifestyle modification can alter it.
D)Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.
Q3) A genetic tendency toward efficient use of energy that results in below-average energy requirements and increased storage of calories as fat is called
A)energy reserve.
B)thrifty metabolism.
C)homeostasis.
D)thrifty reserve.
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