Course Introduction
Neuroscience Exam Preparation Guide
Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field that explores the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system. This course provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neural activity, examines how neural circuits process information, and investigates how these processes give rise to behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Students will gain insights into current research methodologies in neuroscience and consider the implications of this knowledge for understanding neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 10th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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15 Chapters
769 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) List seven steps from a stimulus in the environment to an action by the perceiving individual, illustrating each step with an example.
Answer: Stimulus in the environment
Stimulus passes through the environment to the receptors
Receptor processes
Neural processing
Perception
Recognition
Action
Examples will vary.
Q2) Tina is a medical laboratory worker who is being trained to read the results of certain laboratory tests. In this phase of her training, she looks at prepared slides and then writes a summary of what she sees. This task is best described as a(n) _____ task.
A) recognition
B) magnitude
C) reaction time
D) description
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) The upper limit of a neuron's firing rate is estimated to be _____ impulses per second.
A) 20
B) 100
C) 800
D) 4400
Answer: C
Q2) The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the _____ of the nerve fiber.
A) suppression
B) permeability
C) accommodation
D) assimilation
Answer: B
Q3) Acuity develops to almost 20/20 vision by the time the infant is _____.
A) one month old
B) two months old
C) one year old
D) two years old
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Neural Processing
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ coding is the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons.
A) Specificity
B) Population
C) Extrastriate
D) Sparse
Answer: B
Q2) The difference in intensity between light bars and dark bars is called
A) orientation
B) wave form
C) phase
D) contrast
Answer: D
Q3) ______ cells fire to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles.
A) Complex
B) Simplex
C) End-stopped
D) Edge
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Q1) Ganel et al. (2008) designed a modified Ponzo (visual) illusion in which line 1 appears to be longer than line 2, when, in reality, line 2 is longer. Participants are asked to judge the line lengths and to reach and grab the ends of the lines. The results of this investigation reveal _____.
A) the interaction of the ventral and dorsal stream
B) that the visual illusion affects both the ventral and dorsal streams
C) the effects of damage to the ventral pathway
D) that the illusion only affects ventral stream processing
Q2) When looking at a scene, the different sections of the scene are processed by many different location columns. Through the use of all of the location columns, the entire scene can be perceived. This effect is referred to as _____.
A) fielding
B) orientation
C) convergence
D) tiling
Q3) Identify the five areas of the brain associated with processing of faces, explaining what is processed in each area.
Q4) Describe how an object such as a tree is represented in the striate cortex.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose you were to review dozens of photographs of various natural and manmade scenes on social media. You would expect that _____.
A) horizontal and vertical orientations would be most common
B) diagonal orientations would be most common?
C) the major environmental regularities would be incompatible with Gestalt principals?
D) environmental irregularities would be more salient than environmental regularities?
Q2) Based on Fei-Fei et al. (2007), smaller objects within a scene are typically recognized within _____.
A) 50 milliseconds
B) 150 milliseconds?
C) 500 milliseconds
D) 1000 milliseconds
Q3) Describe two image-based factors that determine what area is seen as "figure" in an image with reversible figure-ground. Draw an example that demonstrates each factor.
Q4) Describe the how Bayesian inference can be used to understand perception.
Q5) Discuss three reasons why object perception is difficult for computer vision.
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Q1) The eye movements that occur as the observer shifts his/her gaze from one part of the visual scene to another are called _____ eye movements.
A) pursuit
B) magnified
C) Saccadic
D) Aperature
Q2) _____ occurs when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at the stimulus.
A) Prosopagnosia
B) Inattentional blindness
C) The Lazarus effect
D) Balint's Syndrome
Q3) According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _____ stage of processing.
A) preattentive
B) postattentive
C) focused attention
D) tertiary
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8
Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jessica Witt and her colleagues (2009) asked people with chronic back and/or leg pain to estimate their distance from various objects placed in a long hallway and found that _____.
A) the chronic pain group consistently underestimated their distance from objects
B) the chronic pain group was wildly inaccurate in estimating their distance from objects, with some underestimating and others overestimating
C) the chronic pain group consistently overestimated their distance from objects
D) there was no relationship between chronic pain and ability to estimate distances
Q2) Individuals with damage to the parietal regions associated with reaching have difficulty with reaching tasks. An analysis of their reach "paths" reveals that the parietal region _____.
A) provides guidance for where to reach
B) calculates the distance required to reach for an object
C) is responsible for motor coordination
D) provides guidance for reaching and avoiding obstacles
Q3) Discuss research that shows how vision is important in performing a somersault.
Q4) Discuss how mirror neurons could convey information about others' intentions.
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Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The patient L.M. (studied by Zihl, et al.), who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, experienced
A) no problems pouring a cup of coffee?
B) no difficulty crossing a street
C) difficulty following dialogue
D) only minor social inconveniences
Q2) Tom is watching Terri walk across the room. According to Gibson, Tom perceives Terri _____.
A) to be moving because her image is moving across his retina
B) to be stationary because the background is stationary
C) to be moving because of a local disturbance in the optic array
D) to be stationary because the background texture is fixed
Q3) _____ is a technique that has been used to temporarily disturb brain area functioning in humans.
A) Lesioning
B) Ablation
C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation
D) Orbital magnetic gyration
Q4) Describe the findings of Kourtzi and Kanwisher's (2000) fMRI study of implied motion.
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Lanzilotti wants to create a stimulus that will produce an afterimage of a red heart shape against a white background. He should make the heart _____ and the background _____.
A) red; green
B) green; black
C) blue; white
D) pink; red
Q2) The reflectance curve is a plot of the light reflected off a surface as a function of _____.
A) spatial frequency
B) contrast
C) wavelength
D) orientation
Q3) Does retinal physiology support the trichromatic theory, opponent-processing theory, or both
Support your answer.
Q4) Contrast the three types of dichromatism with regard to rates of occurrence, neutral points, color experience, and proposed physiological cause.
Q5) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not colored."
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Q1) The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because _____.
A) we perceive the two people in the room to be the same size because the size of the image on the retina is the same
B) we perceive the two people in the room to be of different sizes even though the size of the image on the retina is the same
C) we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at different distances away
D) we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at the same distance away and their retinal image size is different
Q2) The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by _____.
A) random-dot stereograms
B) polarized 3-D images
C) Emmert's law
D) disparity parallax
Q3) Discuss the method, results, and implications of the Holway and Boring (1941) "hallway" experiment.
Q4) Discuss motion-based depth perception cues.
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Chapter 11: Hearing I: Basic Processes and Pitch Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) A complex tone composed of a 440 Hz tone, an 880 Hz tone, and a 1320 HZ tone is presented. Which part of the basilar membrane will respond
A) the apex
B) the base
C) one intermediate area
D) the three different areas characteristic of each individual component
Q2) What are the major components of a cochlear implant?
Q3) Describe how the actions of the cochlea result in transduction.
Q4) Alessandra is at a concert and can "feel" the music. The music is most likely being played at _____ dBs.
A) 66
B) 88
C) 102
D) 130
Q5) Békésy discovered the traveling wave motion of the basilar membrane by _____.
A) stimulating the ear of human cadavers
B) using brain imaging techniques in humans
C) using single-cell recordings from live monkeys
D) computer simulations
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Chapter 12: Hearing II: Location and Organization
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Q1) The _____ is composed of the locations where the ILD and ITD are the same.
A) common region
B) cone of confusion
C) inverse acoustic range
D) Jeffries tube
Q2) What factors are important to consider when designing concert halls?
Q3) What is meant by "the beat" and how is "the beat" processed in the brain?
Q4) The ratio of low frequencies to middle frequencies that are reflected from walls and other surfaces is called the _____.
A) intimacy time?
B) spaciousness factor
C) bass ratio
D) reverberation time
Q5) The horizontal axis in auditory localization is called the _____.
A) elevation
B) depth
C) azimuth
D) bradburthy
Q6) Discuss research that shows that similarity of pitch and timbre affects auditory grouping.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss two sources of the variability problem. Provide examples for each.
Q2) The ubiquitous "Whazzup!" is a sloppy pronunciation of "What's up
The spectrograms of each of these two spoken phrases would indicate _____.
A) no difference in the spectrograms between the two phrases
B) only a difference in the frequency axis between the two phrases
C) that there is a pause in the middle of "What's up
D) major differences between the two, especially in the middle of the spectrograms
Q3) Research using fMRI has found that, although _____ is activated when paying attention to the sounds of familiar voices, it is NOT activated when paying attention to the sounds of unfamiliar voices.
A) the FFA
B) the STS
C) Wernicke's area
D) Broca's area
Q4) The overlap between the production of neighboring phonemes is called _____.
A) contiguity
B) Consolidation
C) coarticulation
D) Context
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Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Q1) Lucy, a heterosexual female, would be able to keep her hand immersed in cold water longer if she was _____.
A) looking at pictures of a refrigerator
B) looking at pictures of accidents
C) looking a pictures of attractive males
D) visualizing images of war
Q2) Bobby is asked to use haptic perception to identify a soccer ball. She will most likely use the exploratory procedure(s) of _____ to identify the soccer ball's exact shape.
A) lateral motion and pressure
B) pressure only
C) enclosure and contour following
D) passive motion and lateral motion
Q3) Discuss research by Singer et al. (2004) that demonstrates how social situations can affect pain perception.
Q4) Discuss at least three ways in which cognitive factors can influence pain perception.
Q5) Discuss how cortical magnification and plasticity are related to the cortical mapping of area S1.
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Q1) The human sensitivity for the odorant that is added to natural gas is _____ the odorant for the main substance in nail polish remover.
A) greater than
B) less than
C) the same as
D) not consistently different than
Q2) Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to _____.
A) the olfactory bulb
B) olfactory receptor neurons
C) the olfactory mucosa
D) higher cortical areas
Q3) Which compound has the same flavor whether or not the person's nose is clamped to prevent olfaction
A) sodium oleate
B) ferrous sodium
C) MSG
D) L-cysteine
Q4) Describe the Proust effect and provide a physiological explanation for its occurrence.
Q5) Compare three different methods for studying the physiology of olfaction.
Page 17
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