Natural Resources Management
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Natural Resources Management explores the principles and practices involved in the sustainable use and conservation of natural resources such as land, water, forests, minerals, and wildlife. The course examines ecological, economic, legal, and policy frameworks for managing resources, while addressing key issues such as biodiversity conservation, environmental impact assessment, resource degradation, and climate change. Students will develop an understanding of integrated management strategies, stakeholder engagement, and the ethical considerations in balancing human needs with environmental sustainability.
Recommended Textbook
The Nature and Properties of Soils 14th Edition by Nyle C. Brady
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Soils Around US
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the different nutrients essential for growth are supplied to plants directly from the ______.
A)rain water
B)soil solution
C)atmosphere
D)cosmic radiation
E)humus
Answer: A
Q2) Information about conditions at 2 to 4 meters deep in a soil is usually most helpful for understanding___.
A)how best to design a building foundation
B)the diversity of animal life in the soil.
C)the proper classification of the soil.
D)fertility requirements of most crops
Answer: A
Q3) Except for some kinds of foods, modern industry has made human dependence on soils a thing of the past.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Formation of Soils From Parent Materials
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alluvial parent materials are those that have been laid down in former lake bottoms.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Organic deposits are most common in areas where water flow over the soil surface is restricted.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) If you wanted to find a soil where physical weathering dominated over chemical breakdown you would be most apt to find it in ______.
A)a desert region of Arizona
B)a humid region in Brazil
C)the hill lands of Georgia
D)a lacustrine deposit in Minnesota
E)a coastal plain area of Delaware
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Soil Classification
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Sample Questions
Q1) The soil and a soil are two extremes in the concept of soils that is basic to most classification schemes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Argillic horizons are characterized by ___.
A)accumulation of silicate clays
B)high level of Na+ ions
C)high levels of iron and aluminum oxides
D)impervious hardpan layers
E)organic matter accumulation
Answer: A
Q3) An argillic horizon is a diagnostic horizon characterized by the subsurface accumulation of silicate clays.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Soil Architecture and Physical Properties
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sticky, putty-like feel indicates a high percentage of which soil separate?
A)sand
B)silt
C)clay
D)humus
E)none of the above
Q2) Polysaccharides produced by soil microbes and similar synthetic polymers applied to soils are largely responsible for the crusts that form when rain follows tillage.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In many soil profiles, the subsoil is high in clay, but is also quite permeable to percolating water.Why?
A)Clay generally promotes free water movement.
B)The subsoil may have an organic texture.
C)Prismatic structure may be well developed.
D)The water table may be present in the subsoil.
E)All of the above are common reasons.
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6
Chapter 5: Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Osmotic and matric potentials are commonly negative because the soil water has a lower energy level than that of pure water.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The soil water potential is a measure of the potential of a soil to hold water.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The water content in a soil is known to be .2 m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup> and the potential of pure water outside the system is assumed to be 0.If the soil is a clay loam you would calculate the soil water potential (in kPa) to be
A)0
B)-5
C)20
D)-20
E)impossible to calculate with the data given
Q4) The property of cohesion in water stems from the attraction of water molecules for soil solids.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent research with annual crops such as wheat, sunflower and sorghum in the Great Plains region suggests that, compared to continuous cropping, soil quality, crop productivity and farm profitability are likely to be greater when crops are grown in a field only every second year with the soil keep free of weeds in the non-crop year by repeated cultivation of herbicide application.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following will not increase the efficiency of water use by plants in an irrigation system?
A)The use of concrete-lined delivery ditches
B)The use of flood irrigation for forage crops
C)The use of drip irrigation for fruit trees
D)The use of crop residues to reduce evaporation
E)The use of herbicides to control weeds
Q3) Eutrophication is enhanced by the presence of pesticides in the water draining from agricultural soils.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Soil Aeration and Temperature
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Sample Questions
Q1) A mineral soil has a water content of 25 kg water per 100 kg dry soil.What is the approximate specific heat of this soil, expressed in calories per kilogram?
A)250
B)450
C)640
D)360
E)impossible to calculate.
Q2) An abundance of macropores in soils helps assure an abundance of oxygen in the soil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A well aerated soil is characterized by a relative abundance of _____.
A)micropores
B)Fe<sup>2+</sup>ions
C)NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> ions
D)NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> ions
E)methane gas
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical
Activity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anion exchange by formation of outer sphere complexes is of least importance in the plant absorption of _____.
A)NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>
B)Cl<sup>-</sup>
C)SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>
D)MoO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup>
E)H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>.
Q2) An alkaline soil contains 20% clay and 3% humus.If the pure clay has a CEC of 40 cmol<sub>c</sub>/kg and the humus 200 cmol<sub>c</sub>/kg, calculate the CEC/kg of the soil.
A)8
B)30
C)12
D)16
E)14
Q3) You would expect the cation exchange capacities of Ultisols to be lower than those of Aridisols if the soil textures are about the same.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Soil Acidity
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the soil pH = 5.3, manganese is more likely than aluminum to be toxic to plants.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The presence of neutral salts in an alkaline soil has a tendency to increase the pH of the soil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Assume you want to grow azaleas in a soil with a pH of 6.0.The application of which of the following would be most appropriate to make this soil suitable for this ornamental?
A)chicken manure
B)limestone
C)elemental sulfur
D)iron oxide
E)hydrated lime
Q4) Sulfur can be used to increase soil acidity and to reduce alkalinity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) A farmer started irrigating a soil some 10 years ago but in recent years yields have declined and the soil physical condition has deteriorated.Which of the following most likely accounts for this situation?
A)high content of Ca and Mg in the irrigation water
B)failure to use conservation tillage to reduce salt accumulation at the soil surface
C)high SAR of the irrigation water
D)excessive drainage of the soil
E)high gypsum content in the soil
Q2) The source of salts for some naturally occurring saline soils are ancient fossil deposits of salts in old lake beds.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Saline soils are characteristic of arid and semiarid areas with poor internal drainage.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Organisms and Ecology of the Soil
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mycorrhizae do not normally kill their host plants, but merely reduce the efficiency of the plant root system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Mucigel is thought to improve the contact between plant roots and soil particles, thus enhancing the plant uptake of water and nutrients.
A)True B)False
Q3) Most soil organisms are heterotrophs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Vesicles and arbuscules are structures typically formed ____.
A)in bacterial cells when attacked by protozoa.
B)above ground by certain soil fungi
C)by mesofauna when they incorporate organic materials into the soil
D)in root cells by fungi when they form mycorrhizae
E)none of the above
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Chapter 12: Soil Organic Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following pools contain the largest amount of the world's carbon?
A)soil
B)vegetation
C)atmosphere
D)animals
Q2) As decomposition of added organic material proceeds, the C/N ratio in the remaining undecomposed material steadily increases.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Poorly drained soils generally contain more organic matter than well drained soils.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Non-humic substances consist of ____.
A)living organisms and cells
B)dead tissues and wastes
C)identifiable biomolecules
D)polymerized, non-identifiable molecules
E)all of the above
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unlike Rhizobium bacteria, Bradyrhizobium bacteria are effective at fixing N, regardless of the type of plants present.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Nitrogen taken up by plants growing in a compost-treated soil is indistinguishable from the nitrogen taken up by plants growing in a fertilizer-treated soil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Highly weathered soils low in available sulfur in their A horizons often have adequate supplies of available sulfur in deeper, clay-rich horizons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ammonium fixation occurs to the greatest extent in the O and A horizons. A)True
B)False
Q5) Most nitrogen leaching to groundwater is in the form of ammonium.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 14: Soil Phosphorus and Potassium
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term, eutrophication, comes from the Greek word meaning "to suffocate" and connotes anaerobic decomposition in soils.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Deep rooted vegetation such as forest trees can increase the available potassium content of surface soil horizons even though no potassium is added to the soil profile.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During the last several decades, modern agriculture in the industrialized countries has tended to deplete cropland soils of their supply of available P.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Luxury consumption of potassium most often occurs in coniferous forests growing on low potassium soils where the ecosystem can least afford it.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Roots of monocotyledonous plant (e.g.grasses) have been shown to take in the entire organo-metallic complex when utilizing chelated sources of micronutrients such as iron.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Molybdenum deficiency is most likely to occur under which of the following soil conditions?
A)soil with pH 6.3 and subject to frequent flooding
B)well drained calcareous soil with pH 8.1
C)well drained humid region loamy sand with pH 5.0
D)muck soil (Saprist) with pH 5.5
E)poorly drained calcareous soil with pH 7.6
Q3) Azaleas, pin oaks and other acid-soil loving forest plants have evolved very efficient mechanisms for extracting iron from soils.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most micronutrients play essential roles in plant metabolism as enzyme activators.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Practical Nutrient Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Soil test interpretations have been developed so that for most fields testing "low" in a nutrient, addition of that nutrient will increase yield enough to more than pay for the cost of applying the fertilizer.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The PSNT nitrogen soil test is designed to be used in growing _____.
A)corn
B)turfgrass
C)alfalfa
D)fruit trees
E)any of the above
Q3) Fertilization to supply the nutrient element iron is often accomplished by which type of application?
A)injection of a gas into the soil
B)broadcast of a chloride salt
C)broadcast of the nearly pure element as a solid
D)incorporation of powdered limestone rock
E)application of a chelate to the soil
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Chapter 17: Soil Erosion and Its Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) The T values are the maximum losses of soil by erosion that can be tolerated without a reduction in the soil's long term productivity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you want to maximize the quantity of vegetative cover on soil which of the following tillage practices would you use?
A)conventional moldboard plow
B)no-tillage
C)ridge tillage
D)stubble mulch
E)strip till
Q3) The U.S.Department of Agriculture has developed soil-loss tolerance limits (T values) for different soils.Which of the following is the highest T value assigned for most soils in this country (Mg/ha)?
A)5.0
B)15
C)11
D)20
E)2
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Soils and Chemical Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Soil washing is a commonly used method of bioremediation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which group of organic insecticides is most damaging to earthworms in soils?
A)carbamates
B)organo phosphates
C)chlorinated hydrocarbons
Q3) Most practical solutions to toxic levels of indoor radon involve ____.
A)bioremediation
B)increased cation exchange
C)improved ventilation with fresh air
D)sealing off cracks in basement walls and foundations
E)both C and D
Q4) Draining a chromium-contaminated wetland would be likely to immobilize the metal so that environmental chromium toxicity problems would be minimized.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Herbicides are generally the most toxic of pesticides to soil organisms.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Geographic Soils Information
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Sample Questions
Q1) A stereo pair of air photos is particularly useful in studying _______ landscape features.
A)plant stress induced
B)salt-affected
C)human-made
D)parent material
E)topographic
Q2) The mapping unit code, CeB3 indicates the soil in this unit consists of Land Capability Class III.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For most planning projects using a geographic information system, getting the needed data into the system is the easy part, but developing the computer Tables and maps is extremely time-consuming and difficult.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Soil Associations are usually used for large scale soils maps.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Prospects for Global Soil Quality
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are more hungry people on Earth today than at any time in history
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following has NOT been an effect of the intensified agriculture of the past 40 years?
A)Increased micronutrient levels in the soil.
B)Reduced need to cultivate fragile lands to produce the food required by the world.
C)Decreased biological diversity in soil systems.
D)Increased use of chemical pesticides.
E)Imbalanced human nutrition due to decreased production of edible legume crops.
Q3) Worldwide, excesses and/or deficiencies of water reduce crop yields more than any other factor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Significant amounts of nitrates are adsorbed in some Oxisols by clay layers below the depths that most crop root systems can reach.
A)True
B)False
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