Course Introduction
Natural Hazards Exam
Materials
This course provides an in-depth exploration of natural hazards, including their causes, impacts, and the scientific principles underlying their occurrence. Students will examine a variety of hazards such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and landslides, with a focus on understanding the processes that drive these events. The course also addresses the methods used for hazard assessment, risk mitigation, and disaster preparedness, incorporating case studies to highlight the social, economic, and environmental consequences of natural hazards worldwide. Through lectures, practical exercises, and analysis of historical events, students will develop the skills needed to assess hazard vulnerability and contribute to effective disaster management strategies.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition by Stephen Marshak
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19 Chapters
739 Verified Questions
739 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Earth in Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the choices below,the best estimate of the age of the Universe is ____________ years old.
A) 5 million
B) 6 billion
C) 14 billion
D) 100 billion
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following bodies is the smallest?
A) planet
B) star
C) protoplanet
D) planetesimal
Answer: D
Q3) Presently,Earth's atmosphere is dominated by which two gases?
A) hydrogen and oxygen
B) carbon dioxide and methane
C) nitrogen and oxygen
D) nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The age of oceanic crust ____________ with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge.
A) increases
B) decreases
Answer: A
Q2) Under the theory of plate tectonics,the plates themselves are ____________.
A) discrete pieces of lithosphere at the surface of the solid Earth that move with respect to one another
B) discrete layers of lithosphere that are vertically stacked one atop the other
C) composed only of continental rocks, which plow through the weaker oceanic rocks
D) very thick (approximately one-quarter of Earth's radius)
Answer: A
Q3) Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic activity ____________.
A) in the middle of abyssal plains
B) along mid-ocean ridges
C) at the edges of continental shelves
D) along fracture zones
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a mineral?
A) petroleum (oil), which is a liquid
B) cubic zirconia, which is a synthetic diamond substitute that is not found in nature
C) ice, which is water in the solid state (and water is essential to all organic life on Earth)
D) both A and B are not minerals; however, C is a mineral
Answer: D
Q2) Natural glass is not considered a mineral because it ____________.
A) is not produced by geologic processes
B) is organic
C) does not have fixed crystalline structure
D) can be made synthetically as well as being a naturally occurring substance
Answer: C
Q3) Minerals utilized by humans as a source of metal are termed ____________.
A) metallic minerals
B) ore minerals
C) source minerals
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Geologically,melts are equivalent to both ____________.
A) felsic and mafic magmas
B) felsic and mafic lavas
C) lavas and magmas
D) fine-grained and coarse-grained igneous rocks
Q2) Very early in Earth's history,it was so hot that the surface was likely entirely molten.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization,the rock that results is expected to be ____________.
A) identical in chemical composition to the magma
B) more mafic than the magma
C) more felsic than the magma
Q4) A blob-like igneous rock body that has cooled beneath the surface of Earth is called a ____________.
A) guyot
B) pluton
C) lava flow
D) andesite
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Chapter 5: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 1902,a famous,deadly volcaniclastic flow killed thousands of people on the Caribbean island of ____________.
A) Puerto Rico
B) Martinique
C) Aruba
D) Jamaica
Q2) Iceland rises above the Atlantic Ocean as a result of ____________.
A) normal mid-ocean ridge activity
B) a submarine hot spot located within the interior of a plate
C) a submarine hot spot located along a mid-ocean ridge
D) subduction of an oceanic plate underneath the continental Eurasian Plate
Q3) Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes,____________ are the largest in area.
A) stratovolcanoes
B) cinder cones
C) shield volcanoes
Q4) Hawaiian-style effusive eruptions are a greater threat to property than to human life.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The removal of detritus from weathered rock at an outcrop is termed
A) deposition
B) erosion
C) weathering
Q2) A fine-grained clastic rock that splits into thin sheets is ____________.
A) mudstone
B) shale
C) sandstone
D) arkose
Q3) As compared with metamorphism,diagenesis ____________.
A) means exactly the same thing
B) takes place at lower temperatures and pressures
C) takes place at higher temperatures and pressures
D) takes place at greater depths that are well within the mantle
Q4) The thickest sequences of sedimentary rocks are typically found in
A) the oceans, beside the mid-ocean ridges
B) the interior of the largest continents
C) sedimentary basins, broad depressions that catch sediment
D) mountain belts, broad areas where rock and sediment are uplifted
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Chapter 7: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Q1) Within a single mountain range,____________.
A) only low-grade metamorphic rocks are likely to be found
B) only high-grade metamorphic rocks are likely to be found
C) it is possible to find a variety of metamorphic rocks produced in distinct facies, including high-, low-, and intermediate-grade rocks
Q2) ____________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate.
A) Limestone
B) Sandstone
C) Shale
D) Gneiss
Q3) Squashing a fly with a flyswatter is an example of ____________.
A) compression
B) shear stress
Q4) Thermal (contact)metamorphism produces ____________.
A) foliated rocks only
B) nonfoliated rocks only
C) both foliated and nonfoliated rocks
Q5) Spreading peanut butter on bread is an application of ____________.
A) compression
B) shear stress
Page 9
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Chapter 8: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earthquake waves that pass through the interior of Earth are termed ____________.
A) interior waves
B) R-waves
C) surface waves
D) body waves
Q2) A surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by earthquake-induced slip is called a ____________.
A) joint
B) fault
C) fold
D) wall
Q3) Earthquakes are likely to occur along ____________.
A) convergent plate boundaries only
B) divergent plate boundaries only
C) transform plate boundaries only
D) all three major types of plate boundaries
Q4) Faulting and earthquakes are examples of ____________.
A) brittle behavior
B) ductile behavior
Page 10
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Chapter
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Q1) Normal,reverse,and thrust are all examples of ____________ faults.
A) strike-slip
B) dip-slip
C) oblique-slip
Q2) Right-lateral and left-lateral are both examples of ____________ faults.
A) strike-slip
B) dip-slip
C) oblique-slip
Q3) The sides of a fold where curvature is at a minimum are termed ____________.
A) branches
B) limbs
C) axial planes
D) hinges
Q4) A polished surface produced by rock scraping along a fault is termed a(n)____________.
A) orogeny
B) phylogeny
C) aureole
D) slickenside
11
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Chapter 10: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____________ of that element.
A) isomers
B) isotopes
C) isotherms
D) atomic species
Q2) Period names on the geologic time scale,such as Devonian and Permian,provide examples of ____________.
A) relative age
B) numerical age
Q3) Which of the following always varies among multiple isotopes of a single element?
A) atomic number
B) atomic mass number
C) tendency to decay radioactively
D) none of the above
Q4) Within the world's sedimentary rocks,fossils ____________.
A) are rarely, if ever, found
B) are randomly distributed
C) occur in an ordered sequence
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Chapter 11: A Biography of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is derived from ____________.
A) volcanic outgassing
B) photosynthesis
C) animal respiration
D) water from the oceans breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen during evaporation
Q2) The eon represented by abundant deposits of strata with shelly fossils is the ____________.
A) Archean
B) Hadean
C) Proterozoic
D) Phanerozoic
Q3) Tree-sized relatives of the living ferns,club mosses,and scouring rushes were common in environments termed coal swamps during the ____________ Period.
A) Ordovician
B) Carboniferous
C) Jurassic
D) Cretaceous
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Chapter 12: Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which mineral resources are considered renewable?
A) base metals only
B) nonmetallic minerals only
C) iron and aluminum ores
D) No mineral resources are renewable.
Q2) The world's supply of oil is likely to be depleted in about ____________ years.
A) 10
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 1 million
Q3) Which fossil fuel-oil or natural gas-is found at greater depths within Earth,and why?
A) oil, because it is more stable at high temperatures
B) oil, because it is more stable at low pressures
C) gas, because it is more stable at high temperatures
D) gas, because it is more stable at low pressures
Q4) The United States has active mines within its boundaries that are sufficient to maintain a steady supply of all important metals.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) The principal difference between a debris flow and a debris slide is ____________.
A) the shape of the path taken by the moving mass
B) the grain size of the moving mass
C) that the former mass contains abundant water whereas the latter is dry
D) that the former mass contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption
Q2) Which type of bedrock provides the greatest risk of landslide?
A) granite
B) gneiss
C) sandstone
D) shale
Q3) Which of the following types of mass movement takes place most gradually?
A) slump
B) creep
C) rock slide
D) mudflow
Q4) One of the most problematic aspects of landslides is that large-scale,cataclysmic examples are the norm,whereas small-scale landslides are much rarer.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Running Water: the Geology of Streams and Floods
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Sample Questions
Q1) In uniform sediments or rock at the surface,a ____________ drainage network is expected.
A) dendritic
B) radial
C) rectangular
D) trellis
Q2) Which has greater capacity?
A) a small mountain stream
B) the Mississippi River
Q3) The discharge of a river traveling through a humid region will typically ___________ downstream; the discharge of a river traveling through an arid region will typically ____________ downstream.
A) increase; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) increase; decrease
D) decrease; increase
Q4) All flooding events occur so rapidly that there is no time to alert people in harm's way.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 15: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Sample Questions
Q1) As waves approach shore in shallow water their speed ____________.
A) increases
B) decreases
Q2) The most prominent force inducing tides on Earth is the ____________.
A) Sun's gravitational pull
B) Moon's gravitational pull
C) electromagnetic attraction between Earth and the Sun
D) gravitational attraction between ocean waters and the continents on Earth
Q3) Of the choices below,which portions of the sea floor are most steeply tilted?
A) abyssal plains
B) continental rises
C) continental shelves
D) continental slopes
Q4) The magnitude of tidal effect (lateral extent of the intertidal zone between low and high tides)is affected by ____________.
A) the slope of the coastline
B) the position of the Sun
C) Both A and B are correct.
D) None of the above is correct.
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Chapter 16: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) Permeable rock or sediment between the water table and the land surface represents a(n)____________.
A) aquitard
B) confined aquifer
C) unconfined aquifer
D) unsaturated zone
Q2) An ordinary (water-producing)well will result whenever the base of the well extends below the water table.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Perched water tables occur ____________.
A) above the regional water table, within permeable rock or sediment
B) above the regional water table, within impermeable rock or sediment
C) below the regional water table, within impermeable rock or sediment
D) below the regional water table, within permeable rock or sediment
Q4) If groundwater is clear,it can be assumed that it is drinkable.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) Most hot deserts ____________.
A) retain their high temperatures throughout the night, because there is no vegetation to absorb heat from the sediment at the surface
B) cool off greatly at night, because of sparse vegetation and little cloud cover
C) cool off slightly at night, by no more than 10°C
Q2) The highest recorded temperature on Earth was in a ____________.
A) tropical rainforest in Brazil
B) low-latitude, high-elevation desert in Mexico
C) high-latitude, high-elevation desert in Mongolia
D) low-latitude, low-elevation desert in Libya
Q3) Deserts in coastal regions are most likely to be found where the currents are ____________.
A) warm
B) cold
C) headed toward the east
D) headed toward the west
Q4) Most regions that are now deserts have ____________.
A) been deserts throughout the geologic past
B) experienced other climates in the geologic past
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Chapter 18: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are termed ____________.
A) firn
B) loess
C) outwash
D) till
Q2) Because glacial advance is driven by gravity,it is impossible for glaciers to advance over perfectly flat terrain.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Stratified,sorted sand and gravel are deposited by ____________.
A) mountain glaciers
B) continental glaciers
C) glacial outwash streams
D) wind
Q4) When sea level rises,causing the ocean to fill a glacially carved valley,a ____________ results.
A) smorgasbord
B) tarn
C) fjord
D) ford
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Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) Currently,global warming appears to be most strongly affecting the climate and wildlife of ____________ regions.
A) equatorial
B) temperate
C) polar
D) deep sea
Q2) Nearly all biological and chemical systems on Earth are disconnected and are best studied in mutual isolation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following types of global change is not part of a cycle of change,and thus irreversible?
A) orogenic uplift
B) melting and crystallization of sedimentary rock to form igneous rock
C) evolution of life on Earth
D) flooding of the continents due to global warming
Q4) All changes within the Earth system are unidirectional and cannot be reversed.
A)True
B)False
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