Modern Western Societies
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the development, structures, and dynamics of modern Western societies from the Enlightenment to the present day. Students will examine the key political, economic, social, and cultural transformations that have shaped Western nations, focusing on themes such as industrialization, urbanization, secularization, the rise of liberal democracy, and the impact of globalization. Through analysis of historical events, social movements, and contemporary issues, the course encourages a critical understanding of how Western societies have evolved and the challenges they face in a global context.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization Volume II Since 1500 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Examine the geographic spread of Protestant denominations and compare them to places of entrenched Catholicism.What can the maps teach you about these religions' relative popularities?
Answer: The geographic spread of Protestant denominations is quite widespread, with significant populations found in North America, Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia. In contrast, places of entrenched Catholicism are mainly found in Southern Europe, Central and South America, and parts of Africa.
The maps teach us that Protestant denominations have a more global reach, with significant populations found in various continents. This suggests that Protestantism has a relatively higher popularity and has been successful in spreading to different parts of the world. On the other hand, the concentration of Catholicism in specific regions indicates its entrenched nature in these areas, but also suggests a relatively lower popularity in other parts of the world compared to Protestant denominations. Overall, the maps highlight the global reach and popularity of Protestantism compared to the more concentrated presence of Catholicism in certain regions.
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1500-1800
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Q1) Boers and Capetown
Answer: Boers were Dutch settlers who arrived in South Africa in the 17th century. They established their own independent republics and were known for their farming and agricultural skills. They also had conflicts with the British and indigenous African groups, which eventually led to the Anglo-Boer Wars.
Cape Town, on the other hand, is a major city in South Africa and is known for its stunning natural beauty, diverse culture, and rich history. It is a popular tourist destination with attractions such as Table Mountain, Robben Island, and the Cape Winelands. The city has a vibrant arts and music scene, as well as a thriving culinary scene with a mix of traditional African and international influences. Cape Town also played a significant role in the country's history, particularly during the apartheid era.
Overall, both the Boers and Cape Town have played important roles in shaping the history and culture of South Africa.
Q2) Ptolemy's Geography
Answer: not answered
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Page 4
Chapter 3: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) Russian society in the seventeenth century
A) witnessed the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
B) witnessed profound religious reforms in the Russian Orthodox church.
C) was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom.
D) saw the rise of the merchant class to power.
E) saw the end of serfdom and the emergence of a prosperous free peasantry.
Answer: C
Q2) Baroque
Answer: The Baroque period in art and music lasted from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century. It was characterized by ornate and elaborate styles, with a focus on dramatic and emotional expression. In art, Baroque artists used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, and music. Baroque music is known for its use of contrast, ornamentation, and improvisation, and it laid the groundwork for the development of classical music. Some of the most famous Baroque composers include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Antonio Vivaldi. The Baroque period also saw the rise of opera as a popular form of entertainment. Overall, the Baroque period was a time of great artistic and musical innovation, and its influence can still be seen and heard in the arts today.
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Q1) On the Fabric of the Human Body
A) was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.
B) contained William Harvey's theories on blood circulation.
C) contained Paracelsus' theories on a macrocosm-microcosm universe.
D) was Galen's masterpiece that influenced so many doctors in the Middle Ages.
E) was Cavendish's theory of human dissection.
Q2) What do we mean by the Newtonian world-machine? How did Newton arrive at this conception? What are the broader social, political, and cultural implications of viewing the entire universe as a machine?
Q3) Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries
A) were resisted more in his own country, England, than in the rest of Europe.
B) although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent.
C) were modern in their removal of God from universal laws.
D) were among the first to be printed in a language other than Latin.
E) were initially condemned by the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Q4) the Empyrean Heaven
Q5) Journal des Savants
Q6) rationalism
Q7) geocentric universe
6
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Chapter 5: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of A) anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities.
B) secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C) sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D) monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E) the complete separation of church from state.
Q2) An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
A) Mary Wollstonecraft.
B) Marie Antoinette.
C) Mary Astell.
D) Catherine the Great.
E) the Marquise du Chatelet.
Q3) Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as
A) "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
B) "the end of tyranny."
C) "a new era of equality for all."
D) "a false intimation of future woes."
E) "the proxy for real progress"
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Frederick William I
Q2) Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century
A) could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.
B) was most successful in the strengthening of domestic diplomatic practices.
C) successfully undermined the interests of the European nobility.
D) was unable to implement legal reforms in many European states.
E) was such a general failure that divine right monarchy soon replaced it.
Q3) As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France
A) gained India.
B) lost California.
C) gained the Ohio River Valley.
D) gained Louisiana.
E) lost Canada.
Q4) Junkers
Q5) Herculaneum and Pompeii
Q6) Joseph II
Q7) the United Kingdom
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Q8) Did the meaning of "family" significantly transform during the eighteenth century?
Chapter 7: A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon made peace with A) the Church.
B) the Directory.
C) Austria.
D) England.
E) the aristocrats.
Q2) the Concordat
Q3) French Parlements
Q4) The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was
A) Babeuf.
B) Sieyès
C) Robespierre.
D) Marat.
E) Saint-Just
Q5) What explains the Reign of Terror?
Q6) July 14, 1789
Q8) Olympe de Gouges Page 9
Q7) How was France changed by the revolutionary events of 1789-1792? Who benefited the most from these changes?
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Chapter 8: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Richard Trevithick
Q2) Many of the exhibits shown in the Great Exhibition of 1851 were housed in the Crystal Palace, a giant building constructed of glass and iron.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Many of Britain's industrial entrepreneurs were Quakers and other religious minorities, in part because they were excluded from many public positions and lacked opportunities other than in the new industrial capitalism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution
A) was rejected by evangelical religions as being "unchristian."
B) was basically a continuation from the cottage industry system.
C) was never adopted by the working class.
D) relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
E) was inspired by the examples of Belgium and France.
Q5) domestic servants
11
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Chapter 9: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) The foremost social group embracing liberalism was made up by A) factory workers.
B) the industrial middle class.
C) radical aristocrats.
D) army officers.
E) the landed gentry.
Q2) The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the A) landed aristocracy.
B) peasants.
C) working class.
D) clergy.
E) upper middle-class.
Q3) The Romantic artist whose paintings were described as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam" was
A) Friedrich.
B) Turner.
C) Delacroix.
D) Watteau.
E) Berlioz.
Q4) France's Second Republic
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Chapter 10: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The Ausgleich of 1867, gave the all the various nationalities making up the Austrian Empire equal rights and status with the German-speaking Austrians.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
Q3) Auguste Comte and "positive knowledge"
Q4) The Communist Manifesto
Q5) Of the following, under the Second Empire, Napoleon III was most interested in A) the industrial development of France.
B) avoiding wars and foreign adventures.
C) enhancing civil liberties like free speech.
D) encouraging people to get involved in politics.
E) enhancing the position of the Catholic Church in French culture.
Q6) Napoleon III
Q7) The romantic nationalist who challenged Cavour for control of southern Italy was A) Matteotti.
B) Mazzini.
C) Garibaldi.
D) Sforza.
E) Cavour.
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Chapter 11: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
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Q1) Some socialists believed that Karl Marx was wrong in advocating violent revolution, arguing instead that forming political parties and participating in the democratic political process could achieve socialism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Industrialization in Japan was the result of
A) private investment and initiative.
B) European colonization.
C) socialist planning on the Marxist model.
D) government planning and initiative.
E) ambitious former samurai.
Q3) sweatshops and "sweating"
Q4) By 1912, what was the single largest political party in Germany?
A) NAZIS.
B) Greens.
C) Social Democrats.
D) Bolsheviks.
E) Mensheviks.
Q5) internal combustion engine
Q6) Consuelo Vanderbilt
Page 14
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Q1) Define Social Darwinism.How did this interpretation of human existence shape late nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century European society? In what sections of modern society today do we see the persistence of this philosophy?
Q2) the Pankhursts and the "suffragettes"
Q3) Define Modernism.What are its intellectual and aesthetic preoccupations? How did this movement affect literature? Art? Music?
Q4) The basis of the Bismarckian System was
A) the acquisition of a huge overseas empire.
B) the isolation of France through a series of military alliances.
C) an enhanced civil service.
D) the creation of a German war college.
E) the incorporation of Austria-Hungary into the German Empire.
Q5) Theodor Herzl and Zionism
Q6) What did the New Physics and concepts of psychoanalysis contribute to Modernism?
Q7) Pablo Picasso was instrumental in the development of Cubism.
A)True
B)False
Q8) Ernst Renan's Life of Jesus
Page 15
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Chapter 13: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) Poison gas was introduced in
A) the U.S.Civil War.
B) the Boer War.
C) the Spanish-American War
D) 1915
E) the waning months of World War I
Q2) Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was
A) nationalism.
B) liberalism.
C) conservatism.
D) socialism.
E) modernism.
Q3) Lawrence of Arabia
Q4) Britain's Ministry of Munitions
Q5) Georges Clemenceau
Q6) The German High Command supported Lenin in his attempts to sow chaos in Russia in early 1917.
A)True
B)False Page 17
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Chapter 14: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Which one of the following states first adopted fascism?
A) Germany
B) Spain
C) Italy
D) Russia
E) Canada
Q2) German Expressionism
Q3) The Dada movement in art was known for all of the following except
A) an expressed contempt for Western culture.
B) an effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life.
C) "anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression.
D) a celebration of chaos and the absurd, often expressed in bizarre performances and collages of unrelated objects.
E) popular in Berlin during the Weimar years.
Q4) the Enabling Act
Q5) Dawes Plan
Q6) Hannah Hoch and Tristan Tzara
Q7) Did anything good immediately result from the Great Depression?
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Chapter 15: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War
Ii
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Q1) Following the Munich Conference, Hitler soon
A) had Germany relinquish its claims to Czechoslovakia.
B) took the rest of Czechoslovakia.
C) attacked France.
D) launched an attach on the Soviet Union.
E) invaded Belgium.
Q2) In the Allied bombing strategy in Europe, Americans participated
A) primarily in the nighttime saturation bombing of civilian populations.
B) only when British bomber wings needed reinforcements.
C) primarily in daytime, precision bombing of German strategic targets.
D) primarily as fighter pilots assigned to guard British bomber wings.
E) in bombing only belligerent nations, but never occupied territories.
Q3) How do you account for the early successes of the Germans from 1939 to 1941? To what degree did Blitzkrieg play a role in these successes?
Q4) Sudetenland
Q5) Madagascar Plan
Q6) How important was the United States in determining the outcome of the war in Europe?
Q7) Lebensraum
Q8) Wannsee Conference
Page 20
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Chapter 16: Cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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Q1) Mao Zedong
Q2) Warsaw Pact
Q3) In 1961, the West constructed the Berlin Wall to prevent East German communists from emigrating to western Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Berlin Wall
Q5) The post-World War II art world has been mostly dominated by A) New York City. B) Paris.
C) Berlin. D) London.
E) Rome.
Q6) Western Europe was the first area of disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union after the end of World War II.
A)True
B)False
Q7) PLO, al-Fatah, and Yasir Arafat
Q8) Konrad Adenauer
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Chapter 17: Protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Q1) Is "Americanization" the proper word to use when describing the popular culture of the Western world since World War II? Why and/or why not? Be specific.
Q2) After his election to the presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon relied upon a
A) sunbelt strategy.
B) beltway strategy.
C) white collar strategy.
D) southern strategy.
E) rainbow coalition strategy.
Q3) Postmodernism
Q4) The Chinese communist movement in the 1960s and 1970s with the aim of crushing "the four olds" was known as
A) "the Great Leap Forward."
B) "Socialism in One Country."
C) "All Power to the People."
D) "the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution."
E) "the May Fourth Movement."
Q5) Herbert Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man
Q6) Jimmy Carter and stagflation
Q7) Second Vietnam War
Page 23
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Chapter 18: After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) The ruling policies of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union
A) included the forcible exportation of Russian Communism to Central and South America.
B) evoked a "New Thinking" about world affairs and the balance of power leading to new arms limitation treaties and greater autonomy for Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.
C) increased political repression in Russia and in Eastern Europe.
D) grew out of Russian misperceptions of United States strengths and failed to appreciate that American military spending and tax reductions under Ronald Reagan had greatly increased American budget deficits.
E) led to a reform of Soviet Communism and the permanent strengthening of the Soviet regime.
Q2) Tony Blair and Gordon Brown
Q3) The major issue that troubled Italian society in recent decades has been
A) Islamic terrorism.
B) Catholic fundamentalism
C) political corruption.
D) a significant increase in the birth rate.
E) economic collapse, with high unemployment and bankruptcies.
Page 24
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