Lifespan Development
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Lifespan Development explores the patterns of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth that humans experience from conception through old age. The course examines major theories and research findings related to development at key life stages including infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late adulthood. Students will gain an understanding of how various biological, psychological, and environmental factors interact to shape behavior and personality across the lifespan, as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with developmental transitions.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development An Active Learning Approach 3rd Edition by Laura E. Levine
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Chapter 1: Introduction: Issues and Themes in Child Development
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Q1) Describe what is meant by nature and nurture.
Answer: Nature and nurture refer to the two main factors that influence human development and behavior. Nature refers to the genetic and biological factors that contribute to a person's traits and characteristics. This includes things like genetic predispositions, inherited traits, and biological influences on development.
On the other hand, nurture refers to the environmental and social factors that shape a person's development and behavior. This includes things like upbringing, social interactions, cultural influences, and life experiences.
The nature vs. nurture debate is a longstanding discussion in psychology and other fields, as researchers seek to understand the relative contributions of genetics and environment to human development. It is widely accepted that both nature and nurture play important roles in shaping who we are as individuals, and that the interaction between these two factors is complex and multifaceted.
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Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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Q1) Developmental theories proposed by American and European theorists are universal and can be applied to the study of children anywhere in the world.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on
A) conscious motivation.
B) adaptive biological mechanisms.
C) biological maturation.
D) observable behavior.
Answer: D
Q3) In the information processing model of human learning, the "software"
A) is the storage device that holds information until we need to use it.
B) are cognitive processes such as attention, organization, and retrieval strategies.
C) is the intake of information from the environment through our senses.
D) is the neural network that consists of concept nodes and links between them.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: How We Study Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT) program are used by many colleges as part of the admissions process because A) they are free from bias and give every student an equal chance of being admitted. B) when taken together with high school grade point average (GPA) they predict college GPA better than high school GPA alone.
C) they are designed to give an advantage to traditionally underrepresented groups of students.
D) these tests are able to detect differences in inherent ability or aptitude between students.
Answer: B
Q2) A study that has several groups of different ages that are followed over time and which has an overlap in the ages of the groups is a
A) multi-phasic study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cohort study.
D) cross-sequential study.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: How Children Develop: Nature Through Nurture
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Q1) What is the principle of pleiotropism? Provide an example of pleiotropism.
Q2) The reason why a woman's chance of having dizygotic twins increases as the woman gets older is that
A) it becomes easier for a sperm to penetrate the outer shell of the ovum.
B) as the woman's ovaries decline in their ability to release eggs, her production of hormones increases to counter this decline.
C) the lining of the uterus becomes more receptive to implantation of the blastocyst.
D) her risk of miscarrying an early pregnancy significantly decreases.
Q3) We first understood the exact process that underlies genetic transmission when
A) James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the secrets of genetic structure and function.
B) Ivan Pavlov described the principles of classical conditioning.
C) Gregor Mendel published a paper on the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation.
D) Francis Galton expanded upon Darwin's theory of evolution.
Q4) What causes Down syndrome? Who has an increased likelihood of having a child with Down syndrome?
Q5) Explain how "nature through nurture" is different from "nature versus nurture".
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Chapter 5: Prenatal Development, the Newborn, and the
Transition to Parenthood
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Q1) When infertility is a problem for a couple
A) it is usually a problem with the viability of the sperm.
B) it is usually a problem with the woman's production of viable eggs.
C) one-third of the cases have to do with female factors, one-third are due to male factors, and the remaining cases are mutual or can't be determined.
D) in 70% of the cases the problem is related to female factors, and in the remaining 30% of the cases it is related to male factors.
Q2) Maternal stress during a pregnancy seems to have its greatest impact if it occurs
A) early in the prenatal period.
B) close to the time of delivery.
C) from time to time, rather than being a continuous state.
D) at a low but constant level throughout the pregnancy.
Q3) A fetus can experience pain, touch, smell and taste.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Little Sarah is born prematurely and weighs three pounds. What do we know about the risks she faces and her likelihood of her developing normally?
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Chapter 6: Physical Development: the Brain and the Body
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Q1) Primary sex characteristics include
A) the appearance of breasts in females and the appearance of facial hair in males.
B) the different physical changes that occur as an adolescent goes through puberty.
C) changes that occur in the organs that are necessary for reproduction.
D) changes in the proportions of fat and lean muscle mass in the adolescent.
Q2) The language centers of the brain
A) are located on both sides of the brain.
B) for producing speech are located on the right side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech are located on the left side.
C) for producing speech are located on the left side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech are located on the right side.
D) are located largely on the left side of the brain for right-handed people and on either or both sides for lefties.
Q3) What is the myelin sheath and how does it relate to the cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions of motor skill development? Describe the sequence of motor milestones related to each direction.
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development
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Q1) the ability of the brain to coordinate attention and memory and control behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a certain goal is called
A) habituation.
B) cognitive flexibility.
C) executive function.
D) elaboration.
Q2) Name and describe Piaget's four stages of development.
Q3) ____________ is a memory strategy that helps us to remember what to do or say in different familiar situations.
A) Metacognition
B) A script
C) A knowledge base
D) Elaboration
Q4) Rehearsal becomes a more effective memory strategy when children learn to
A) simply repeat the information they want to remember.
B) not overdo it, but rather to stop after a few repetitions.
C) connect the information they are learning to other related information.
D) retain information in sensory storage for a longer period of time.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence and Academic Achievement
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Q1) Describe two possible alternatives to standardized testing of IQ. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each one?
Q2) A test that is always administered and scored in the same way is a A) valid test.
B) reliable test.
C) standardized test.
D) static test.
Q3) Describe three types of learning disabilities. What long-term outcomes are associated with having a learning disability?
Q4) The Flynn effect refers to the fact that
A) the closer a genetic relationship between two individuals, the more similar their IQ scores are likely to be.
B) members from certain racial groups on average score lower on intelligence tests than other groups.
C) genes set the upper and lower limit for intelligence, but environment determines where within those limits an individual falls.
D) there has been a gradual increase in the scores on intelligence tests over time.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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Q1) Children will say things that they have never heard before, such as "I goed outside to play". This production of unique sentences is best explained by
A) social cognitive theory.
B) operant conditioning.
C) nativism.
D) information processing theory.
Q2) Which of the following statements about early language development is true?
A) Babies younger than 6 months of age can distinguish the sounds of all languages.
B) Researchers agree that there is an early critical period in language development.
C) Deaf babies do not coo or babble in the same way that hearing infants do.
D) If parents do not talk a great deal to their infants, the infants will later have great difficult in learning their native language.
Q3) Metalinguistic knowledge allows children to
A) increase the size of their vocabularies.
B) improve their phonological skills.
C) think about language and how to use it.
D) improve their receptive language skills.
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development and Attachment
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Q1) Conduct disorders are difficult to treat, but one treatment that has shown some promise for these families is
A) tough love or boot camps.
B) desensitization therapy.
C) multisystemic treatment.
D) social cognitive therapy.
Q2) Studies of severely neglected children who were later adopted found that A) after an initial two-year period of adjustment following the adoption, the children were indistinguishable from children raised from birth by their own parents.
B) as long as the adoption occurred before the child's second birthday, the neglect did not appear to have an effect upon the child's ability to form attachments.
C) there were much larger differences in the quality of the attachment that these children formed with different people than is typical for children raised by their own parents.
D) years later, the hormonal responses of these children made them likely to run to any available adult in times of distress.
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Chapter 11: Identity: the Self, Gender, and Moral Development
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Q1) Which self-description is most likely the view of a preschooler?
A) "I can lift this heavy rock! I am really strong."
B) "Mommy, pick you up!!"
C) "I feel sad when I don't have a friend to go to the movies with."
D) "I am pretty quiet around my teachers, but I am really talkative with my friends."
Q2) Gays and lesbian often report that in childhood they felt that they were somehow different from other children.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When an adolescent develops an identity that is opposite to the identity that parents or other adults would want the adolescent to have, the adolescent has developed a(n)
A) diffused identity.
B) negative identity.
C) foreclosed identity.
D) identity crisis.
Q4) Moral knowledge and moral reasoning are basically the same thing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Social Development: Social Cognition and Peer Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fantasy play is seen primarily in Piaget's __________ stage.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations
Q2) When a child prefers to play alone, rather than with other people, it
A) is always a reason for concern because it is a good indicator of adjustment problems.
B) can be for a number of reasons, some problematic but others not.
C) means that the child does not have a secure attachment relationship with parents.
D) is associated with a diagnosis of autism.
Q3) A child who is sitting next to another child and playing with similar toys but who does not interact with that other child is engaging in
A) solitary independent play.
B) parallel play.
C) associative play.
D) disruptive play.
Q4) Discuss gender differences in play. Who do boys and girls play with and how do they play?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Families
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Q1) When a child is placed in foster care
A) it is very similar to an adoption, except that the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.
B) the child remains in the foster home until the child "ages out" of the system at age 25.
C) it means that the state now believes that there is no chance of the child being reunited with his or her birth parents.
D) the arrangement is meant to be a temporary one and the family receives financial support from the state for caring for the child.
Q2) Describe five ways in which life for children in single parent families is likely to be different from those in two-parent families.
Q3) When parent-adolescent conflict takes place in the context of a warm, supportive family environment, it can be a positive thing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain what open adoption is. Discuss the pros and cons of open adoption for adopted children.
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Chapter 14: Beyond Family and School: Activities, Media
and the Natural World
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Q1) Positive youth development means that the young person does not have any developmental problems.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Give five pieces of advice to parents based on research regarding their children's use of TV.
Q3) We can reduce children's tendency to want to emulate movie stars that they see smoking in movies if we help the children learn that
A) smoking is bad for you.
B) smoking is just a random event with no particular purpose in the movie.
C) most actors and actresses also smoke in real life.
D) smoking in movies is really a type of advertising.
Q4) Having a natural mentor during adolescence has been associated with A) a reduced risk of problem behaviors.
B) lower-quality relationships with parents.
C) greater academic achievement, but also great risk of delinquency.
D) alienation from the adolescent's peer group.
Q5) Discuss three reasons why children now take part in less unstructured, outdoor play than they have in the past.
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Chapter 15: Health, Well-Being, and Resilience
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common chronic illness among children in the United States today is:
A) cancer.
B) diabetes.
C) asthma.
D) lead poisoning.
Q2) A chronic illness suffered by a child affects everyone in the family because
A) a family is a system and what affects one member affects all the others.
B) everyone in a family must give medical consent for procedures performed on the child.
C) if a child has a chronic illness, everyone else in the family probably has the same illness.
D) the adults in the family must keep the other children in the family from finding out about the illness.
Q3) What has been the greatest contribution to the decrease in accidental fatalities for children?
A) More availability of baby-proofing items
B) Laws that require that children be restrained while riding in a motor vehicle
C) Laws that require children to sit in the back seat of an automobile
D) Better parental monitoring due to education campaigns targeted toward parents
Q4) Describe behaviors associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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