Introductory Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introductory Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course covers fundamental topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and the principles of psychological research. Students will explore major theories and research findings in the field, gain insight into how psychologists investigate human thought and behavior, and develop an understanding of the practical applications of psychological knowledge in everyday life.
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What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 4th Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino
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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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Q1) The emphasis on human strengths and the methods by which humans attain happiness is explained by __________.
A) functionalism
B) psychoanalysis
C) positive psychology
D) cognitive psychology
Answer: C
Q2) Which statement is true with regard to the beginnings of scientific psychology?
A) Wilhelm Wundt was primarily interested in studying conscious experience and mental processes.
B) John Watson used a process called introspection to examine the sensations and feelings of trained observers.
C) William James established the first scientific laboratory in Germany to study mental processes.
D) Gilbert Haven Jones was primarily interested in the function that behaviors and thoughts serve for organisms.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Neuroscience
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Q1) When the inside of the axon has a greater negative charge than the outside, it is safe to conclude that ____.
A) an action potential is not being generated in that part of the axon
B) the axon is depolarized
C) there is an especially large concentration of Na+ ions inside the axon
D) an action potential is being generated in that part of the axon
Answer: A
Q2) Potassium ions (K+) will continue to leave the neuron until the neuron's ____.
A) resting potential is depleted
B) threshold of excitation is stimulated again
C) resting potential is restored
D) resting potential is positive
Answer: C
Q3) The information-carrying cells of the nervous system are called ____.
A) Neurons
B) glia cells
C) Hormones
D) Glands
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The ability to sense the color yellow can be explained by ____.
A) trichromatic theory only
B) opponent-process theory only
C) both trichromatic and opponent-process theory
D) neither trichromatic nor opponent-process theory
Answer: C
Q2) Describe the similarities and differences between rods and cones.
Answer: Rods are the light-sensitive cells of the retina that pick up any type of light energy and convert it to neural signals. Cones are the cells of the retina that are sensitive to specific colors of light and send information to the brain concerning the colors we are seeing.
Q3) Gustation is to ____, as olfaction is to ____.
A) touch; taste
B) audition; vision
C) smell; audition
D) taste; smell
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Q1) What type of therapy is best indicated for people with chronic insomnia?
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Humanistic
C) Cognitive-behavioral
D) Eclectic
Q2) Research suggests that sleeping at night and being active during the day ____.
A) is contrary to the theory of natural selection
B) is typical behavior for large predators
C) may have evolved as a necessary behavior for humans
D) may have evolved as a necessary behavior for all animals
Q3) Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in the United States is ____.
A) declining
B) fairly level over the past decade
C) Increasing among young people
D) increasing among males but not females
Q4) A person with Korsakoff's syndrome ____.
A) is probably allergic to alcohol
B) is suffering from a memory disorder linked to a vitamin deficiency
C) probably has reversible memory deficits
D) is almost certainly female
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Chapter 5: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Yanna takes a drug that reduces her brain's sensitivity to leptin. What will be the likely effect of this drug?
A) Yanna will gain weight.
B) Yanna will lose weight.
C) Yanna will become anorexic.
D) Yanna will not be affected.
Q2) The period in which females tend to be most receptive to male attempts to mate is known as ____.
A) estrus
B) libido
C) menstruation
D) resolution
Q3) Foods that cause a rapid increase in blood sugar ____.
A) do not keep our hunger satisfied for very long
B) are called low glycemic foods
C) fill us up quickly
D) are generally very helpful for weight loss
Q4) Compare and contrast the instinct theory and the self-determination theory of motivation.
Q5) Are emotions understood across cultures? Explain your response.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Q1) Which statement is true about habituation?
A) Habituation is an ability that almost all creatures possess.
B) Habituation illustrates the importance of reinforcement.
C) Habituation is a more complex type of learning than classical conditioning.
D) Habituation is the most complex form of associative learning.
Q2) The orienting reflex is to ____, as habituation is to ____.
A) learning; forgetting
B) novel experience; repeated experience
C) simple information; complex information
D) adaptive; maladaptive
Q3) Which statement is most TRUE of shaping?
A) Shaping can be used effectively on animals and people.
B) Shaping can be used effectively only on animals.
C) Shaping can be used effectively only on people.
D) Shaping can be used effectively only on children.
Q4) Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his research on ____.
A) digestion
B) dishabituation
C) audition
D) mental illness
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) Suppose the information you learn in your psychology class about the brain is associated in your mind with information you had previously learned in your human biology class. Then your long-term memory of the psychology information has most likely been stored through ____ encoding.
A) visual
B) neurological
C) semantic
D) intellectual
Q2) Maintenance rehearsal is most closely associated with ____ while elaborative rehearsal is most closely associated with ____.
A) semantic memory; episodic memory
B) short-term memory; long-term memory
C) implicit memory; explicit memory
D) visual memory; auditory memory
Q3) What is the auditory processor in the multicomponent theory of working memory?
A) Audiotape
B) Phonological recorder
C) Auditory recorder
D) Phonological loop
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Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
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Q1) If you assume that a student is preppy because he wears pastel colored sweaters and boat shoes, you are using a(n) ____ as the basis for your assumption.
A) sample
B) algorithm
C) phoneme
D) prototype
Q2) Which statement is TRUE of language development?
A) Children typically coo before they babble.
B) Cooing consists of consonant and vowel sounds together.
C) Babbling consists of vowel sounds.
D) Infants begin cooing at around six months of age.
Q3) Which item belongs to the superordinate category?
A) Dog
B) Spaniel
C) Animal
D) Camel
Q4) Describe the reliable gender differences in intellectual abilities and explain what you think are the causes of these differences.
Q5) Describe the stages that infants and children go through as they learn language.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Q1) What is a typical characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?
A) Very high birth weight
B) Inherited alcoholism
C) Brain abnormalities
D) Average to above average intelligence
Q2) The game show Jeopardy! tests contestants' general knowledge of current events, literature, music, etc. Contestants' question-answering abilities show their ____.
A) fluid intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) dualistic thinking
D) egocentrism
Q3) Warrick is actively dating in hopes that he can find someone who shares his interests and can connect with him. Warrick is in Erikson's stage of ____.
A) identity versus role confusion
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) generativity versus stagnation
D) ego integrity versus despair
Q4) Explain how parents, teachers, peers, and the media reinforce gender role stereotypes.
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Chapter 10: Social Psychology
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Q1) Informational conformity is to ____, as normative conformity is to ____.
A) obedience; compliance.
B) fitting in; being right
C) compliance; obedience
D) being right; fitting in
Q2) Realistic-conflict theory proposes that prejudice ____.
A) is a product of normal cognitive processes
B) occurs when groups compete for the same resources
C) occurs when a group holds a position of dominance over another group
D) cannot be prevented, only managed
Q3) In general, we like our friends and romantic partners to be ____.
A) much more attractive than we are
B) much less attractive than we are
C) somewhat more attractive than we are
D) about the same level of attractiveness as we are
Q4) In Zimbardo's mock prison study, ____.
A) guards became abusive and prisoners became docile
B) prisoners developed rival gangs amongst themselves
C) female prisoners became just as hardened and rebellious as male prisoners
D) guards and prisoners together overthrew the prison warden's authority
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Personality
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Q1) Daniel hits his sister when he is mad at her. According to Freud, Daniel's aggression is an impulse stemming from his ____.
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) reality principle
Q2) After Leslie, a graphic designer, turned thirty and bought a condo, she became more active in her workplace and community, joining a professional association and participating in a community garden. Maslow would say that Leslie was trying to satisfy ____ needs.
A) safety
B) ego
C) physiological
D) psychological
Q3) Which theorist is associated with the idea of the collective unconscious?
A) Adler
B) Jung
C) Horney
D) Anna Freud
Q4) Describe how Karen Horney differed from Freud's original psychoanalytic views.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Coping
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Q1) Which personality characteristic appears to be associated with cancer incidence?
A) A tendency to be depressed
B) Being introspective
C) Being results-oriented
D) Suppressing or denying anger
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of those with a hardy personality?
A) A willingness to rely upon the help of others when needed
B) The use of emotion-focused coping
C) Lower levels of personal satisfaction with their work
D) An increased tendency to become ill
Q3) Soledad is extremely careful at all times. She is sensitive to criticism, emotionally detached, and very serious. Soledad would be considered a ____.
A) hardy personality
B) Type C personality
C) Type A personality
D) Type B personality
Q4) Describe the stages of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome using a specific stressor as an example.
Q5) Compare and contrast problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping.
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Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders
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Q1) Most psychological disorders result from ____.
A) biological factors only
B) sociocultural factors only
C) psychological factors only
D) a combination of biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors
Q2) People with antisocial personality disorder ____.
A) are very likely to seek treatment
B) can appear to be charming and sociable
C) typically have limited social skills
D) are typically unsociable
Q3) Which criterion is especially problematic for psychologists when distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior?
A) Inability to function
B) Level of impairment
C) Violation of social and cultural norms
D) Personal distress
Q4) Describe borderline personality disorder.
Q5) What is the usefulness of a system like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to clinicians and researchers? Where does the DSM fall short?
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Chapter 14: Mental Health Therapies
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Q1) Kitchell's son is throwing an absolute fit at the pool. He screams and stamps his feet. Kitchell ignores him, all the other parents ignore him, and so do his friends. Eventually his tantrum stops. Kitchell has used which operant conditioning strategy?
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Nonreinforcement
D) Shaping
Q2) Which technique is based on classical conditioning principles?
A) Token economy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Aversion therapy
D) Rational emotive therapy
Q3) Sharnice's therapist appears to be understanding of Sharnice's feelings. Sharnice's therapist is conveying ____.
A) empathy
B) unconditional positive regard
C) conditional positive regard
D) genuineness
Q4) Describe the procedures involved in ECT and its effects.
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