Introduction to Statistics for Psychology Chapter Exam
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Course Introduction
This course provides a foundational understanding of statistical concepts and methods relevant to psychological research. Students will learn how to summarize and interpret quantitative data, apply descriptive and inferential statistics, and select appropriate analyses for various research questions. Topics include measures of central tendency and variability, probability, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Emphasis is placed on understanding the logic behind statistical decision-making and effectively communicating statistical findings in the context of psychological inquiry.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for Psychology 6th Edition by
Arthur Aron Ph.D
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers
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Q1) If a psychologist rating empathic responses to strangers' distress on a scale of 1 to 20 finds that most participants have ratings of 8,12,or 16,the distribution of ratings is
A)rectangular.
B)unimodal.
C)multimodal.
D)normal.
Answer: C
Q2) Another way to describe a negatively skewed distribution is to say that A)the distribution is skewed to the left.
B)the distribution is skewed to the right.
C)more scores are piled up at the low end of the range.
D)it illustrates a floor effect.
Answer: A
Q3) A frequency table is most likely to be included in a research article when A)the variable involves categories.
B)there are a very small number of scores.
C)a correlation is being reported.
D)there are only two values for the variable.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Central Tendency and Variability
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Q1) The ordinary average of a group of numbers is the A)median.
B)mean.
C)standard deviation.
D)mode.
Answer: B
Q2) Based on the scores 1,9,3,6,1,2,6,2,2,and 8,a score of 2 is the A)mode.
B)median.
C)mean.
D)standard deviation.
Answer: A
Q3) If the variance is 9,then the standard deviation is A)18
B)81
C)3
D)4.5
Answer: C
Q4) A general name for the representative value of a group of scores is __________.
Answer: central tendency
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Chapter 3: Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: Z
Scores,the Normal Curve, Sample Versus Population, and Probability
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Q1) When p = 0,you can conclude that the outcome __________.
Answer: will definitely not occur; is impossible
Q2) If the probability of something happening is 3 out of 100,this can be written symbolically as __________.
Answer: p = .03
Q3) Suppose adults in a particular town drive a mean of 65 mph with a standard deviation of 15 mph.Using the normal curve table,
a.What percentage of adults drive below 35 mph?
b.What percentage of adults drive below 68 mph or above 85 mph?
c.What percentage of adults drive between 56 and 80 mph?
d.At what speed does someone need to drive to be included in the top 10%?
e.At what speed does someone need to drive to be included in the bottom 25%?
f.Explain your answers to a person who is familiar with mean,standard deviation,and Z scores,but not with normal curve percentages.
Answer: A)Z = -2.00,so 2.28% B)Zs = 0.20 and 1.33,so 67.11% C)Zs = -0.60 and 1.00,so 56.70% D)Z = 1.29,so X = 84.35mph E)Z = -0.68,so X = 54.80mph F)Not answered.
Q4) A Z score also may be called a(n)__________.
Answer: standard score
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Chapter 4: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) For a directional research hypothesis,the null hypothesis is expressed in symbols as __________.
Q2) What is the null hypothesis?
A)People will not participate because it does not cost them any money.
B)The exercise will make no difference in the rate of heart attacks.
C)The exercise will make no difference or will reduce the rate of heart attacks.
D)The exercise will make no difference or will increase the rate of heart attacks.
Q3) How would a psychologist test the hypothesis that a new stress-reduction program really works?
A)Try to reject the hypothesis that it does work.
B)Try to accept the hypothesis that it does work.
C)Try to reject the hypothesis that it does not work.
D)Try to accept the hypothesis that it does not work.
Q4) In hypothesis testing,a statement that there is no difference between populations is the __________.
Q5) The comparison distribution is based on the distribution of the voting behavior of __________.
Q6) In psychological research,the 1% and 5% levels are the __________ levels of significance.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Hypothesis Tests With Means of Samples
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Q1) A school psychologist was interested in whether the 12 students in the chess club had a higher or lower mean grade point average (GPA)than the other students at a school.The overall GPA at the school was 2.55 with a standard deviation of 0.5; the distribution of GPAs was approximately normal.The average GPA of students in the chess club was 2.76.Using the .05 significance level,did the chess club represent a population that was different from students in general at this school?
a.Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.Sketch the distributions involved.
c.Advanced topic: Figure the confidence limits for the 95% confidence interval.
d.Explain the logic of what you did to a person who understands hypothesis testing for studies in which the sample consists of a single individual but is unfamiliar with hypothesis testing involving a sample of more than one individual.Be sure your explanation includes a discussion of the distribution of means-what it is,the logic of how it is figured-and its role in the overall hypothesis testing process.Advanced topic: Explain the logic and computation of the confidence intervals.
Q2) If the sample mean is 75,the upper limit for the 99% confidence interval is
Q3) The mean of a distribution of means is __________ the mean of the population.
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Chapter 6: Making Sense of Statistical Significance:decision
Errors, Effect Size, and Statistical Power
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Q1) A psychologist conducts a study and finds that d = 1.41.This effect size would most likely be described as
A)small
B)medium
C)large
D)an error because d cannot be greater than 1
Q2) If an experimenter CANNOT manipulate the effect size of an experiment to increase power,the aspect of a study that can usually be changed easily to increase power is A)the sample size.
B)the beta level.
C)the population parameters.
D)the sample mean.
Q3) The effect size and the number of participants are two important determinants of A)the minimum significant result.
B)experimental significance.
C)power.
D)alpha.
Q4) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false is a(n)__________.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to T Tests: Single Sample and Dependent Means
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Q1) When carrying out a t test for dependent means with a mean difference score of 12 and a standard deviation of the distribution of means of 6,the t score is __________.(Give a number.)
Q2) Difference scores are computed for
A)a t test for a single sample.
B)a t test for dependent means.
C)a t test for independent means.
D)all t tests when the degrees of freedom are less than 10.
Q3) A t test for a single sample would be used to compare
A)the level of honesty in politicians with the level of honesty in students.
B)the level of reading comprehension of students at the beginning and at the end of a speed-reading class.
C)the hours spent studying each week by freshmen and seniors.
D)the hours that "C" average students spend on Facebook each week compared with students in general.
Q4) When figuring the variance of the distribution of means based on an estimated population variance in a study with 20 participants,you divide the estimated population variance by __________.(Give a number.)
Q5) The formula (M - )/ S<sub>M</sub> is used to figure the __________.
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Chapter 8: The T Test for Independent Means
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Q1) You plan to conduct a study where your directional hypothesis will be assessed with a t test for independent means at the .05 significance level.Assuming that you will recruit 50 participants per group and predict a small effect size,how much power will your study have?
A).17
B).26
C).29
D).41
Q2) Which of the following tactics will reduce the power of a planned study using a t test for independent means?
A)using a less stringent significance level (such as .10 instead of .05)
B)using more precise measures
C)increasing the size of your samples
D)using unequal sample sizes instead of equal ones (for the same number of participants)
Q3) The variance of a distribution of differences between means is equal to
A)the difference between the variances of the two distributions of means.
B)the sum of the variances of the two distributions of means.
C)the difference between the two estimated population variances.
D)the sum of the two estimated population variances.
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the Analysis of Variance
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Q1) A characteristic of an F ratio is that
A)the cutoff F equals the calculated F divided by 2.
B)it can never be less than 0.
C)it is negatively skewed.
D)the t distribution for df is the comparison distribution.
Q2) In research articles,post-hoc comparisons are often displayed in tables with __________ placed by the means to indicate whether the means are alike or different.
Q3) In a one-way analysis of variance,when sample sizes are equal,"(S<sup>2</sup><sub>M</sub>)(n)" is the formula for __________.(Do not give a symbol.)
Q4) Which statistical procedure ensures that the alpha level for any given planned contrast will not exceed .05?
A)Tukey
B)Scheffé
C)Bonferroni
D)Gosset
Q5) Advanced topic: Thinking of each score in an analysis of variance in terms of its overall deviation being divided into two parts is the core idea of __________.
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Chapter 10: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) Advanced topic: In a two-way analysis of variance,the degrees of freedom for each main effect are
A)the number of cells minus the number of variables.
B)the number of variables minus the total scores within the column or row.
C)the number of levels of the variable minus 1.
D)the total number of scores in that row or column minus 2.
Q2) Advanced topic: When considering the power of a main effect in a factorial analysis of variance,all of the following must be taken into account EXCEPT
A)the number of scores per cell.
B)the number of levels of the other grouping variable.
C)the predicted effect size for this main effect.
D)the predicted effect size for the other grouping variable.
Q3) A study exploring the relationship between financial security (shaky,stable,or very secure)and annual income (low,moderate,or high)on satisfaction with life is an example of a two-way factorial design,specifically,a __________ × __________ factorial design.(Give numbers.)
Q4) In a graph of a two-way analysis of variance,the absence of an interaction effect is indicated when the pattern of bars in one section is __________ the pattern of bars in the other section.
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Chapter 11: Correlation
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Q1) Low reliability of the variables reduces the correlation coefficient because A)the Z scores are less likely to follow a normal curve.
B)the cross-products of the Z scores are less likely to follow a normal curve.
C)it adds random noise to the computations.
D)it reduces random influences that would otherwise add to the overall variance.
Q2) A graph that shows the pattern of the relation of two variables is a A)histogram.
B)scatter diagram.
C)frequency polygon.
D)box plot.
Q3) If a scatter diagram shows that high scores on one variable go with high scores on the other and low scores go with low scores,but the increase becomes increasingly steep,resulting in a curvilinear relation between two variables,the experimenter can figure a statistic called __________.
Q4) Using a standard power table,what is the approximate power of each of the following studies that will use correlation and the .05 significance level?
Q5) Using a standard power table,approximately how many participants are needed for 80% power in each of the following planned studies that will use correlation and the .05 significance level?
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Chapter 12: Prediction
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Q1) The standardized regression coefficient for the best linear prediction rule is __________.(Give a number.)
Q2) If every increase of one point on a test-anxiety scale is associated with a decrease of 2 points on predicted performance on a test,2 represents the slope,which is also the A)regression coefficient.
B)regression constant.
C)proportionate reduction in error.
D)standardized regression coefficient.
Q3) Advanced topic: If the correlation coefficient for a study is known,figuring the proportionate reduction in error requires
A)dividing the correlation coefficient by 2.
B)taking the square root of the correlation coefficient.
C)squaring the correlation coefficient.
D)multiplying the correlation coefficient by 2.
Q4) The number multiplied by the score on the predictor variable to get the predicted score on the criterion variable is the __________.(Give a name,not a symbol.)
Q5) Prediction is also called __________.
Q6) One assumption of multiple regression is that error scores are __________.
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Chapter 13: Chi-Square Tests
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Q1) An experimenter planned a study in which a crucial step was offering participants a food reward,and having three food rewards that were equal in appeal was important.Thus,participants in a pilot study were asked which of three rewards they preferred.Of the 60 participants,16 preferred cupcakes,26 preferred candy bars,and 18 favored dried apricots.Using the .05 significance level,do the results suggest that people prefer different foods in general?
a.Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.Sketch the chi-square distribution.Be sure your sketch gives a rough indication of its shape and shows the cutoff score and the sample's score.
c.Explain the logic of what you have done to a person who is familiar with the logic and steps of hypothesis testing for the t test and analysis of variance,but who knows nothing about chi-square tests.Be sure your explanation includes the logic of figuring the chi-square statistic,determining the degrees of freedom,describing the shape of the chi-square distribution,and using the chi-square table.
Q2) Chi-square distributions are __________ skewed.
Q3) Complete the following formula: = __________.(Use symbols.)
Q4) Contingency table information is typically included in research articles describing chi-square tests for __________.
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Chapter 14: Strategies When Population Distributions Are
Not Normal: Data Transformations and Rank-Order Tests
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Q1) If a ceiling or floor effect is present,the distribution of the scores will probably be
Q2) A disadvantage of both data transformations and rank-ordered tests is that they A)are not as familiar as computer-intensive methods.
B)can distort the meaning of the scores.
C)cannot be used for complex situations.
D)may not normalize the distribution of scores.
Q3) Prior to using a procedure that is "distribution-free," the sample scores would probably be transformed using the A)reflection method.
B)antilog method.
C)rank-order method.
D)inverse method.
Q4) In a square-root transformation,
A)high numbers become lower,and low numbers become higher.
B)moderate numbers remain unchanged,but low numbers become slightly higher. C)low numbers become much lower,but high numbers remain basically unchanged. D)moderate numbers become only slightly lower,but high numbers become much lower.
Page 16
Q5) The purpose of a data transformation is to __________.
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Chapter 15: The General Linear Model and Making Sense of
Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles
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Q1) When reading a research article based on an unfamiliar statistical procedure,a basic understanding may be obtained by
A)seeking some indication of the q coefficient or,if that is not available,some indication of power.
B)identifying the significance level and the effect size.
C)following the path diagram or contingency table,depending on the level of measurement of the variables involved.
D)plotting the regression line.
Q2) The variables about the grouping as a whole in a multilevel model are
A)upper-level variables.
B)middle-level variables.
C)lower-level variables.
D)criterion-level variables.
Q3) A significant MANCOVA is usually followed up with A)ordinary t tests.
B)partial correlations.
C)one-way ANOVAs.
D)univariate ANCOVAs.
Q4) A factor loading is the correlation of a factor with a(n)__________.
Page 17
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