Introduction to Statistics for Behavioral Sciences
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides an essential overview of statistical concepts and techniques as applied to behavioral sciences, including psychology, sociology, and related fields. Students will learn to organize, summarize, and interpret data; understand probability, normal distributions, and sampling; and conduct hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression analyses. Emphasis is placed on both the conceptual understanding of statistics and practical skills in analyzing real-world behavioral data, enabling students to critically assess research findings and apply statistical reasoning in their academic and professional pursuits.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sally's dog just received second place for in it obedience class.This is considered a _____scale of measurement.
A)Nominal
B)Interval
C)Ordinal
D)molecular
E)All of the above are correct
Answer: C
Q2) When researchers infer something about the general population from their sample they are using ____________________.
Answer: inferential statistics
Q3) The probability of getting heads on a penny following 1 flip of the coin is____________________.
Answer: 50%
Q4) Random sampling is an ideal that is seldom achieved in practice.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Q1) There are numerous hard-and-fast rules for presenting frequency information.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) For any given score,the cumulative frequency is the frequency associated with that score plus the sum of all frequencies below that score.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In grouped frequency distributions,we typically use interval sizes of _____.
A)2 or 3
B)5 or 10
C)2,3,or multiples of 5
D)none of these
Answer: C
Q4) The x-axis is called the____________________.
Answer: Abscissa
Q5) Cumulative frequency allows us to determine the number of scores ____________________a given score.
Answer: at or above
4
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Q1) Most of the inferential statistics used by behavioral scientists make use of the median as a measure of central tendency.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Dr.Qui found his test scores to be as follows 60,92,75,79,75,and 90.What is the range of the test scores?
A)30
B)32
C)75
D)None of these
Answer: B
Q3) As a measure of central tendency,the median _____ the absolute difference between it and the scores in the distribution.
A)minimizes
B)maximizes
C)summarizes
D)none of these
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Percentiles,percentile Ranks,standard
Scores,and the Normal Distribution
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Q1) What is the standard score of a raw score of 30 from a set of 20 scores where the mean is 15 and the standard deviation is 5?
A)1
B)-1
C)3
D)-3
Q2) An instructor has given his final exam and scores that are normally distributed.Nancy scores a 90 and Ronald scores a 75.The class mean on the exam was 85 and the standard deviation was 36.What is Nancy's T score? (Hint use formula: mean=50 +10 (standard or Zscore)
A)51.4
B)5.14
C)5.83
D)58.3
Q3) All normal distributions are _____ in nature.
A)asymmetrical
B)theoretical
C)leptokurtic
D)all of these
Q4) What are some of the advantages of standard scores over percentile ranks?
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Q1) In the case of a(n)_____ relationship,the standard scores on X and Y will have different signs but will be identical in size.
A)perfect negative linear
B)prefect positive linear
C)imperfect negative nonlinear
D)imperfect negative linear
Q2) If grade point average (GPA)and number of hours partying were related according to the following linear model: GPA= 4.00 - .40 Hours,what GPA would you predict if you partied for 8 hours?
A).80
B)2.20
C)1.00
D)3.60
Q3) The standard error of estimate is a useful index of ______.
A)the (positive square root)average error across individuals
B)the slope
C)the rate of change of one variable compared to the other variable
Q4) A ____________________ is a graph that represents values for X and Y for each person in the data set.
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Q1) A researcher wanted to compare eye color distributions of babies born with a birth defect with babies who did not have the birth defect.26 babies with the defect were matched on gender,race,and age with 52 babies without the defect.The frequency of different eye colors as a function of the presence or absence of the defects was as follows:
Eye Color
Group Dark Medium Light
Defect 1 6 19
No Defect 15 13 24
What is the probability that a baby has dark eyes given that the baby has the birth defect?
A).04
B).06
C).01
D).61
Q2) In the language of probability theory,the act of flipping a coin is called an event and each unique outcome is called a trial.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is a conditional probability?
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Q1) Given the same population,the sampling distribution of the mean will show less variability than either the sampling distribution of the median or the sampling distribution of the mode.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Perspectives on the mean and standard deviation of a sampling distribution of the mean,as well as its shape,are derived from an important formulation called the:
A)central tendency theorem
B)central distribution theorem
C)central limit theorem
D)central estimate theorem
Q3) When the sample size is greater than around 40,the normal approximation of the sampling distribution of the mean is:
A)biased
B)quite good
C)positively skewed
D)variable
Q4) Define the standard error of the mean.
Q5) What is sampling error?
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Q1) One step in the hypothesis testing process is the conversion of the observed sample mean into a z value to determine how many standard deviations it is away from ì,assuming the alternative hypothesis is true.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Briefly describe the steps involved in the hypothesis testing process.
Q3) An alternative hypothesis that specifies that a population mean is different from a given value and also indicates the direction of that difference is called a:
A)differential alternative hypothesis
B)directional alternative hypothesis
C)a and b
D)neither a nor b
Q4) The p value reported in APA manuscripts is commonly referred to as _____.
A)the beta level
B)the alpha level
C)the power level
D)the significance level
Q5) The hypothesis of "no difference" that is assumed to be true is called the
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Q1) Dr.Nan is studying the effects of Ginseng on recall.He has 2 groups of subjects, (20 subjects in each group).Subjects are given Ginseng or Placebo and then asked to recall a list of words they previously studied.However,to avoid confounds what should Dr.Nan do?
A)Counterbalance placebo & Ginseng
B)Match groups on an IQ test and assign to groups
C)Randomly assign subjects to groups
D)All of these
E)Both b & c
Q2) A major goal of research design is to create alternative explanations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____ statistics tend to focus on medians,interquartile ranges,and ordinal level measures.
A)parametric
B)nonparametric
C)quantitative
D)qualitative
Q4) The ____________________is a computer simulation which allows statisticians to determine if a data set violates an assumption.
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a numerical index that most reflects the influence of disturbance variables?
A)SS<sub>TOTAL</sub>
B)SS<sub>ERROR</sub>
C)SS<sub>EXPLAINED</sub>
Q2) What does a t value represent?
Q3) What factors influence the size of the standard error of the difference?
Q4) The 95% confidence intervals are_____reported in APA results sections.
A)never
B)usually
C)sometimes
D)None of these
Q5) The set of all t values more extreme than the critical values constitutes a(n)_____ result or more formally,the _____ region.
A)expected;rejection
B)unexpected;rejection
C)expected;acceptance
D)unexpected;acceptance
Q6) Unexplained error or variance may be due to_________.
Q7) What is eta-squared?
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Q1) When we fail to reject the null hypothesis,the question of the nature of the relationship is:
A)meaningful
B)not meaningful
C)statistically significant
D)addressed by eta-squared
Q2) A correlated groups t test is analogous to an independent groups t test with the effects of individual differences _____ the _____.
A)added to;standard error
B)extracted from;independent variable
C)extracted from;dependent variable
D)extracted from;sample
Q3) Which of the following assumptions may be violated if a very large sample is used?
A)the independence assumption
B)the normality assumption
C)the assumption of random selection
D)none of the assumptions may be even slightly violated
Q4) The degrees of freedom associated with correlated t-test is____________________.
Q5) What is meant by the sensitivity of a statistical test?
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Chapter 12: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Q1) When is the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q2) The assumption that the variance of the population difference scores for any two conditions is the same as the variance of the population difference scores for any other two conditions is the ____________________ assumption.
Q3) The _____ assumption states that the variance of the population difference scores for any two conditions is the same as the variance of the population difference scores for any other two conditions.
A)heteroscedasticity
B)normal differences
C)homogeneity of differences
D)sphericity
Q4) When comparing a between-subjects design with a repeated design,the between-subjects design will ____ powerful than the repeated design.
A)always be less
B)usually be less
C)always be more
D)usually be more
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Chapter 13: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Q1) An advantage of the regression equation is that it can be used to predict ____________________ for people who were not in the original sample.
Q2) The nature of the relationship between two correlated variables is determined by A)calculating r<sup>2</sup>.
B)examining the slope of the correlation coefficient.
C)examining the sign of the correlation coefficient.
D)calculating Tukey's HSD.
Q3) Another useful index of the strength of the effect of one variable on another is the intercept.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The traditional null hypothesis for the inferential test of a correlation coefficient states that the correlation in the population (r)_____.
A)does not equal 0
B)equals 0
C)is greater than 0
D)equals \(\pm\)1.00
Q5) r<sub>2</sub> is formally known as ____________________.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) c<sup>2</sup> (1,N = 200)= 12.89,p < .05.
What is the value of the chi-square statistic?
A)200
B)12.89
C)1
D).05
Q2) Which of the following indices measure the strength of the relationship between two variables in a contingency table when both variables have three levels?
A)the phi coefficient
B)Pearson correlation
C)Cramer's statistic
D)the fourfold point correlation coefficient
Q3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of applying the chi-square test to quantitative variables?
Q4) Unlike the previous tests we have considered,the chi-square test analyzes the relationship between variables using frequency information.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the concept of expected frequencies.
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics
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Q1) The ____________________ involves converting scores to ranks,then analyzing the rank scores using standard parametric tests.
Q2) If one wishes to compare medians across groups,then a parametric test should be pursued.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not a requirement for the Mann-Whitney U?
A)The independent variable must be between-subjects.
B)The independent variable must be qualitative.
C)The dependent variable is measured at the ordinal level.
D)The independent variable has only two levels.
Q4) Most parametric tests focus on differences between ____ and their corresponding nonparametric tests focus on differences between ____.
A)population means;distributions of scores
B)distributions of scores;population means
C)population means;population means
D)distributions of scores;distributions of scores
Q5) A benefit of the nonparametric tests is the lack of sensitivity to ____________________.
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Chapter 16: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Q1) In a 2 X 3 factorial design,there are ____________________ groups. or
Q2) What form does a main effect take in a two-way analysis of variance?
Q3) If a researcher suspects that the strength of the relationship in the population is .30 for the main effect of factor A,.10 for factor B,and .07 for the interaction effect as indexed by eta-squared,what sample size should she use per cell in a study involving three levels of factor A,five levels of factor B,and an alpha level of .05 in order to achieve a power of at least .80 for each effect?
A)2
B)7
C)9
D)13
E)23
Q4) When data are presented graphically,the presence of an interaction is suggested by parallel lines.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In a two-way ANOVA,there are two ____________________,and one interaction.
Q6) Under what conditions is the two-way between-subjects analysis of variance used? Page 18
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Chapter 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Q1) In the example above it was found that the higher your GPA is the higher you scored on the SAT which indicates_____.
A)positive correlation
B)negative correlation
C)a significant correlation
D)significant difference between groups
E)none of these
Q2) When one or both variables are measured on an ordinal level that seriously departs from interval level characteristics,Pearson correlation is the test of choice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When both of the variables under study are quantitative and between-subjects in nature,the appropriate method of data analysis is the
A)logistic regression.
B)Mann Whitney U test.
C)Spearman rank-order correlation.
D)none of these
Q4) Compare and contrast Parametric and Nonparametric statistical tests.
Page 20
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