Introduction to Sociology Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology provides an overview of the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used in the study of society and social behavior. Students will explore topics such as culture, socialization, group dynamics, inequality, institutions, and social change. The course also examines how individuals both shape and are shaped by social structures, and emphasizes the relevance of sociological perspectives in understanding everyday life, diverse communities, and broader social issues. Through readings, discussions, and research, students will develop analytical skills and a deeper awareness of the social forces that influence human behavior.
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Work Industry and Canadian Society 7th Edition by Harvey Krahn
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Historical Perspectives on Work 1700-1950s
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Q1) Which of the following was not part of "the great transformation" described by Karl Polanyi?
A) The emergence of socialist forms of government.
B) Growing urbanization.
C) A shift to new technologies and inanimate energy sources.
D) The emergence of widespread wage labour.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following best describes the "putting out" system that existed during early industrialization in Europe?
A) Women were extensively involved in production.
B) Large investments in manufacturing technology were required.
C) It was more efficient than factory-based production.
D) It dramatically increased the level of agricultural production.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following best describes Russia throughout most of the 1900s?
A) State capitalism.
B) Mercantile capitalism.
C) Industrial capitalism.
D) State socialism.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Contemporary Debates on Work 1950s to Present Day
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Q1) Which of the following best characterizes a Keynesian economic principle?
A) The government should have an active role in the economy.
B) The free market should not be regulated.
C) Economic competitiveness requires the shrinking of the welfare state.
D) High unemployment and inequality are normal and unavoidable.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of a "mobile worker"?
A) An insurance salesperson who telecommutes part of the time from home.
B) A customer service representative in an Indian call centre.
C) A professional worker who bicycles to work and back.
D) The chief executive officer (CEO) of a trucking company.
Answer: A
Q3) Nonstandard work can be best described as which of the following?
A) Shift work.
B) Work performed by illegal immigrants in Canada.
C) Work performed for a minimum wage.
D) Part-time, temporary, or contract work.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Canadian Employment Trends
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Q1) Joshua works part-time serving burgers at a local restaurant while working his way through college. Which of the following best describes the type of occupation Joshua is employed in?
A) White-collar work.
B) Temporary work.
C) Pink-collar work.
D) Upper-tier service-sector work.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is correct about the age distribution of Canada's population?
A) It has remained much the same for the past several decades.
B) Over one-third of Canadians today are age 65 and older.
C) The age profile of the working age population is not a good fit with the decision-making and authority structure of most work organizations.
D) Immigrants tend to be older than Canadian-born citizens.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs
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Q1) Based on what you have read in Chapter 4, describe how the types of jobs a Canadian might have expected to obtain have changed over the course of the 20th century. How have the chances of being jobless changed over this time?
Q2) Lijuan has a Bachelor of Education degree. Over the past five years she has worked at several jobs including child-care worker, tutor, and nursery school teacher. She has also experienced several periods of unemployment between these jobs. Which of the following best describes Lijuan's unemployment history?
A) Structural unemployment.
B) Cyclical unemployment.
C) Frictional unemployment.
D) Regional unemployment.
Q3) Based on the trends you have read about in Chapters 3 and 4, describe what you see as the most pressing issues facing Canadian employers and workers for the next few decades to come?
Q4) The term involuntary part-time worker best describes which of the following?
A) Workers who cannot find a full-time job.
B) Individuals who prefer to work part-time.
C) Individuals who have significant family responsibilities.
D) Students who work part-time while in school.
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Chapter 5: Labour Markets: Opportunities and Inequality
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Q1) Which of the following is a central principle of the dual economy perspective on labour markets?
A) Capitalist economies are dominated by a few large and powerful companies.
B) The service sector and primary sector are most important to the economy.
C) The periphery sector is comprised of a few large companies.
D) The secondary labour market is found in the core sector.
Q2) In a few sentences, outline the dual economies perspective on labour markets. Provide examples of occupations found in the core and periphery sectors.
Q3) In 2006, about 10 percent of native-born Canadians with university degrees were working in sales and services jobs with low education requirements. Which of the following is correct with respect to recently immigrated women with degrees working in sales and service in 2006?
A) About 10 percent worked in these jobs.
B) About 40 percent worked in these jobs.
C) About 80 percent worked in these jobs.
D) About 15 percent worked in these jobs.
Q4) Briefly define cultural capital, with a few examples. How does it relate to socioeconomic status?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Gender and Paid Employment
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Q1) Rosabeth Moss Kanter's main argument about gender inequality in organizations can be best described by which of the following?
A) Men and women employed in similar occupations in an organization will react in different ways to their job conditions.
B) There is a biological basis for gender inequality in organizations.
C) There is little gender inequality in modern organizations.
D) An individual's position within an organization influences his or her attitudes and behaviour.
Q2) The province of Prairieland recently created a Ministry of Jobs to look at the salaries of different types of government jobs. The new ministry has recommended that office managers be paid as much as computer systems managers, based on a comparison of skills required for and responsibilities involved in both jobs. Which of the following terms best describes this recommendation?
A) Skill enhancement program.
B) Employment equity program.
C) Pay equity program.
D) Anti-discrimination program.
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8
Chapter 7: Household, Family, and Caring Work
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Q1) Which of the following best describes the convergence in weekly hours of housework completed by women and men in Canada in recent decades?
A) Men are putting in more hours; women are working as many hours as before.
B) Men are putting in a bit more time; women have reduced their housework by a larger amount.
C) Men are doing as little as before; women have reduced their housework considerably.
D) More housework is being done by female hired help.
Q2) Which of the following is correct about trends in eldercare in Canada?
A) Publicly funded organizations are positioned well to care for the aging population.
B) Men and women are equally likely to provide eldercare to aging family members.
C) The federal government's "Compassionate Care" benefits are accessible to all individuals caring for the elderly.
D) In general, the most common reason for providing care to an elderly family member is their aging and frailty.
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9
Chapter 8: Organizing and Managing Work
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Q1) Managers of Best Electric Cars try to motivate their workers by reminding them that each person in the company is part of a team in constant competition with foreign companies and that if they work together to increase production and improve quality, the company, their community, and Canada will all benefit. Which of the following terms would Amitai Etzioni use to describe this management strategy?
A) Normative.
B) Coercive.
C) Utilitarian.
D) Human capital.
Q2) Alfred D. Chandler Jr. wrote that, "The 'visible hand' of the corporate manager replaced the 'invisible hand' of market forces." Explain what Chandler means by this statement?
Q3) Workplace inequality and the ability of workers to develop skills and become involved in decision making represent two crucial issues facing Canadian workers and work organizations. How well do the scientific management and human relations approaches address these issues? Support your position with reference to the chapter.
Q4) In a few sentences, describe the basic principles of scientific management.
Q5) Briefly describe human relations theory and outline one of its major criticisms.
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Chapter 9: In Search of New Managerial Paradigms
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Q1) Japanese management approaches, quality of working life programs, and Swedish work reforms have many things in common. Swedish work reforms, however, went considerably further in which of the following ways?
A) Redistributing power relationships within work organizations.
B) Requiring that all workers be union members.
C) Developing family-friendly workplaces.
D) Promoting employee profit-sharing plans.
Q2) The registrar of your university has been telling the vice-president (human resources) that whatever changes she introduces, she must remember to consider everything from a student's perspective. Which new managerial paradigm does the registrar appear to be following?
A) Total quality management.
B) The learning organization
C) Human relations management.
D) Student-centred organizational redesign.
Q3) Which of the new managerial paradigms discussed in Chapter 9 is likely to be the most influential in Canada 20 years from now, given current labour force and labour market trends? Explain your prediction.
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11
Chapter 10: Conflict and Control in the Workplace
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Q1) Which of the following terms is used to describe regulation of the labour process through coercive or paternalistic methods?
A) Technical control.
B) Bureaucratic control.
C) Responsible autonomy.
D) Simple control.
Q2) Which of the following are the main definitional components of work-related skill?
A) Substantive complexity and decision-making autonomy.
B) Social interaction and technological involvement.
C) Substantive complexity and technological involvement.
D) Decision-making autonomy and social interaction.
Q3) Karl Marx argued that, in capitalist society, work had become a commodity. In a few sentences, explain what he meant by this.
Q4) In a sentence or two for each, define simple control, technical control, and bureaucratic control.
Q5) In a sentence or two for each, define technological determinism, economic determinism, and social determinism.
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12
Chapter 11: Unions and Industrial Relations
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Q1) Which of the following scenarios would be an example of what C. Wright Mills had in mind when he said that unions were "managers of discontent?"
A) Union organizers signing up members in a nonunionized workplace.
B) Union leaders trying to convince their members that a new wage offer received from their employer was not good enough.
C) Union leaders trying to convince their members to not go on strike because their collective agreement had not yet expired.
D) Leaders of one union trying to encourage members of another union to leave that union and join theirs.
Q2) Which of the following best distinguishes craft unions from industrial unions?
A) Craft unions exist only in Quebec; industrial unions are active in all parts of Canada.
B) Craft unions represent specific occupations; industrial unions try to organize all the workers in a particular industry
C) Craft unions are mainly found in developing countries; industrial unions are most common in industrialized economies.
D) Craft unions are gaining members; industrial unions are declining in size.
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Chapter 12: Alternative Approaches to Economic Organization
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Q1) Outline the differences and similarities between worker buyouts and producer co-operatives, and discuss the barriers each of these alternative approaches to economic organization might face. In your opinion, which, if any, of these approaches would have the greatest chance of being successful in your community? Explain why.
Q2) Compare and contrast the different approaches to industrial democracy found in Germany and Sweden. Would either of these approaches, or some aspects of them, possibly be useful in Canada? Explain your answer.
Q3) Which of the following is correct about attempts to introduce industrial democracy in North America?
A) Industrial democracy was not considered in North America until the 1980s.
B) The only real attempt at introducing industrial democracy occurred during the Depression in the 1930s.
C) North American unions have been strong proponents of industrial democracy.
D) One of Canada's early prime ministers was a strong advocate of industrial democracy.
Q4) In a few sentences, explain what is meant by Germany's "codetermination" (or dual-representation) approach to industrial democracy.
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Chapter 13: Work Values and Work Orientations
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Q1) At a family gathering, your uncle, a lawyer, starts talking about how "crazy" life is becoming. The people he works with brag about their long hours, and burn themselves out trying to make more money to buy expensive cars and clothes. He says he can't believe they are "doing this to themselves," and that we need to think more about improving society and less about working hard to get rich. Which of the following authors would you suggest he read, since they make the same arguments?
A) Andre Gorz.
B) Madeline Bunting.
C) Jeremy Rifkin.
D) Jamie Swift.
Q2) Which of the following would be a "latent function" of work, according to Marie Jahoda?
A) Enjoyable interactions with coworkers.
B) A pension that helps maintain a person's standard of living after retirement.
C) The need to get a good education in order to get a good job.
D) The profits a company owner obtains from the work of employees.
Q3) Briefly outline the core argument in Max Weber's book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
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Chapter 14: Job Satisfaction, Alienation, and Work-Related Stress
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Q1) Rodrigo, an assembly-line worker, spends much of his weekends playing drums in a jazz group. Matthew, who works on the same assembly line, spends most of his weekends watching movies and sports on television. Which of the following generalizations fits best with findings from Martin Meissner's research on "the long arm of the job?"
A) Rodrigo is a good example of someone with instrumental work orientations.
B) On average, more workers are like Rodrigo.
C) On average, more workers are like Matthew.
D) Rodrigo is typical of younger workers; Matthew is a typical older worker.
Q2) Which of the following job characteristics would be called an "extrinsic" work reward?
A) Friendly workmates.
B) The opportunity to join a union.
C) Job security.
D) The opportunity to make decisions about one's job.
Q3) Researchers typically find that older workers are more satisfied with their jobs, and attribute this finding to a variety of different processes. In a sentence for each, explain what is meant by an "aging effect," a "job effect," and a "life-cycle effect."
Q4) Briefly outline Karasek's "demand-control" model of workplace stress.
Page 16
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