Introduction to Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores foundational concepts such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social interaction. Students will examine major theories and research methods used in psychology while considering real-world applications. By the end of the course, students will gain a deeper understanding of how psychological principles influence individual and group behavior in diverse contexts.
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Evolutionary Psychology Neuroscience Perspectives concerning Human Behavior and Experience
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2
Chapter 1: Introduction to an Evolutionary Perspective
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Q1) The built-in pattern in which the newly-hatched birds of some species will follow an object that moves in front of them is known as
A) imprinting.
B) innate template.
C) sensitive period.
D) social releaser.
Answer: A
Q2) The historical environment in which humans experienced difficulties, found food, mated and raised children, and formed and lived with others in social groups is known as the _____.
Answer: environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)
Q3) Data from around the world indicate that when a murder is committed it is
A) just as likely to have been committed by a woman as a man.
B) ten times more likely to have been committed by a man than a woman.
C) ten times more likely to have been committed by a woman than a man.
D) usually committed by a person with a history of violence.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: What Is Evolution
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Q1) The biological concept of species is defined as a group that A) bears distinct characteristics that make it different from other groups.
B) has a unique feature shared by all members of the group by not by any other groups. C) only breeds among the group and does not seek to breed with other groups.
D) shares a unique ecological niche not exploited by any other groups.
Answer: C
Q2) The _____, located in the temporal lobe, is a complex set of brain structures for making, recognizing, and discriminating between facial expressions.
Answer: fusiform face area or FFA
Q3) Which of the following statements about evolution is NOT correct?
A) Evolution emerges from the close interaction of organisms with their environment.
B) Evolution guides the organism toward better solutions to fundamental problems.
C) Evolution leads to the development of new species and the extinction of others.
D) Evolution results in heritable changes in a population over many generations.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Evolution and Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ consists of what is inherited through the sperm and the egg at the moment of conception.
Answer: genotype
Q2) Epigenetics refers to changes in
A) genes from one generation to the next.
B) the heritability of traits and behaviors.
C) the mechanisms that turn genes on and off.
D) the ways information can be acquired.
Answer: C
Q3) The complete set of human genes is referred to as the _____.
Answer: genome
Q4) Sperm cells and egg cells are collectively known as _____.
Answer: gametes
Q5) Using twin studies, personality factors such as extraversion have been shown to have a _____% contribution of genetic factors.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Evolution of Brain and Function
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Q1) Discuss MacLean's model of the triune brain in terms of both function and evolutionary history.
Q2) According to Humphrey, there is a dynamic tension in social groups that leads to both cooperation and competition. As individuals seek both to preserve the overall structure of the group and outmaneuver others within in, the intelligence of the species increases over evolutionary time. This ideas is known as the _____ hypothesis.
Q3) Even without an external task to perform, our mind is constantly working. It jumps from one thought to another. William James called this process the _____.
Q4) The neural networks that are active during internal processing are called the brain's _____, which is most active when individuals are engaged in private thoughts or left alone to think about real or hypothetical events.
A) default network
B) limbic system
C) R-complex
D) stream of consciousness
Q5) The front of the brain is referred to as _____.
Q6) The depressions or fissures on the surface of the brain are called _____.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Developmental Processes
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Q1) _____ refers to an individual's particular characteristics, especially behaviors that are consistent over time.
Q2) Unlike object play or role play, which is engaged in equally by both males and females, _____ play is engaged in far more by males than females.
Q3) Flavell suggested four ways in which the early predisposition and abilities of infants involve other humans. Which of the following is NOT one of these ways?
A) Infants can perceptually analyze and discriminate human stimuli.
B) Infants find human faces, voices, and movements highly interesting.
C) Infants respond differently to adults than they do to other children.
D) Infants seek to attend to and interact with other humans.
Q4) Research suggests that newborns come into the world with mechanisms that predispose them to look at A) colors. B) faces.
C) shapes. D) women.
Q5) Discuss Bjorklund and Blasi's (2005) six tenets of evolutionary psychology.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Emotionality
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Q1) Panksepp's approach to understanding emotionality and brain processes is to look for core processes across species. Which of the following is NOT one of the core processes he proposes?
A) maternal care
B) problem solving
C) separation distress
D) sexual lust
Q2) One-year-olds will look for emotional cues from their mothers before deciding whether to crawl across a _____, a table with an open segment covered with a sheet of glass.
Q3) Ekman (2009) suggested that Darwin made five important contributions to our study of emotion. Explain each.
Q4) Darwin made a number of important observations about emotions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A) Emotions are discrete.
B) Emotions are expressed on the face.
C) Emotions are multidimensional.
D) Emotions are not unique to humans.
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Chapter 7: Language
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Q1) Language can be used to describe a variety of internal and external processes, and this is what enables languages, both spoken and written, to set the stage for _____ to play a role in human history that is very different from that of other species.
Q2) Discuss the relationship between genetics, the brain, and language processing. Include a discussion of the FoxP2 genes and the various kinds of aphasia.
Q3) According to Chomsky, language was not a product of natural selection but rather a(n) _____ property of brain complexity.
A) acquired
B) emergent
C) intrinsic
D) natural
Q4) One aspect of human language that sets it apart from animal communication systems is that it is structured on multiple levels. Discuss the hierarchical structure of language, explaining the characteristics of each level and how the levels are related to each other.
Q5) Damage to the brain that results in the patient having difficulty in producing speech but not in understanding it is called _____ aphasia.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Sex and Gender
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Q1) In addition to his theory of natural selection, Darwin also developed a theory of _____, which emphasized the manner in which organisms have evolved not only to survive but also to reproduce.
Q2) _____ refers to the situation in which one male and female mate only with each other.
Q3) Sexual reproduction has advantages, but it also has its disadvantages. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A) Because of the recombination of genes, genotypes are constantly changing.
B) Considerable energy is expended as males and females compete for mates.
C) It is inefficient, in that it requires twice as many offspring as asexual reproduction.
D)The environment must support ways for males and females to come into contact.
Q4) The brightly colored male satin bowerbird builds a structure called a bower for the female to stand in while she watches him strut and sing. How does the female decide which male to mate with?
A) She decides based on how extensively decorated the bower is.
B) She decides based on how intensely the male struts and sings.
C) Younger females decide by the bower, older ones by the performance.
D) Younger females decide by the performance, older ones by the bower.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Sexual Selection
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Q1) The logic of _____ influencing cognitive and emotional processes is straightforward. As with physical characteristics, if an individual would rather mate with someone he or she finds intelligent, funny, and creative, then these characteristics, to the extent they are genetically related, would be passed on to future generations.
Q2) It has been shown that just the act of smelling a female's t-shirt will increase a male's _____ levels, and if the t-shirt is from an ovulating woman, the increase will be even greater.
Q3) According to the sexual strategies theory, there are three properties of short-term mating. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A) Males more actively seek short-term mates than females.
B) Males place more emphasis on looks in short-term relationships.
C) Males possess a greater desire than females for a variety of sexual partners.
D) Males will consent to sexual intercourse in a shorter time period than females.
Q4) Discuss the "market value" of males and females based on age. Explain the findings in terms of sexual strategies theory. Relate this to marriage preferences and actual marriage patterns. Is it simply relative age of males and females that is important, or is there something else?
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11
Chapter 10: Kin and Family Relationships
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Q1) Daly and Wilson (1998) reviewed the literature on domestic violence and found three important patterns in the data. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A) Adolescent males are implicated in a third of domestic homicides.
B) Family homicide consists primarily of spousal homicide.
C) Homicide rate is much higher for non-genetically related individuals.
D) Stepfathers are implicated in half the cases of murdered children.
Q2) The _____ is a cognitive phenomenon in which there is a nonlogical reversal in a decision depending on whether the potential outcome is described in positive or negative terms.
Q3) In all societies, some kinship terms incorporate more than one genealogical relationship, but people are _____ oblivious to the distinctions that terminology obscures or ignores.
A) always
B) nowhere
C) often
D) sometimes
Q4) _____ states that a behavior will evolve if the cost to the individual is outweighed by the gain to another multiplied by the degree of genetic relationship.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Social Relations
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Q1) Researchers have observed that high-ranking female chimpanzees will sometimes _____ newborn infants of low-ranking females.
A) adopt
B) eat
C) feed
D) kill
Q2) Many things we do as humans are done in the service of social _____; text messaging is one clear example of using technology to keep connected socially.
A) cognition
B) construction
C) integration
D) interaction
Q3) Compared with other species, such as the baboon, male chimpanzees are friendlier to each other and more apt to use _____ to maintain positions along the hierarchy.
A) competitive games
B) cooperative alliances
C) economic incentives
D) reciprocal favors
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Chapter 12: Making Social Decisions
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Q1) _____ is cooperation for mutual benefit; examples include economic trades, reciprocal gift giving, and helping with the expectation that someday the favor will be returned.
Q2) Solve the following Wason card selection task. The rule is: "If there is a vowel on one side of the card, then there is an even number on the other side." There are four cards in front of you, showing: A, C, 4, 7. Which two cards do you need to turn over to test this rule?
A) A and 4
B) A and 7
C) C and 4
D) C and 7
Q3) Studies on framing effects show that people are _____ when the situation is framed in terms of a possible gain but _____ when the situation is framed in terms of a possible loss.
A) emotional, rational
B) happy, unhappy
C) less cautious, more cautious
D) risk averse, risk seeking
Q4) Discuss the evolution and function of social and moral emotions.
Q5) Discuss the evolution of interpersonal and intragroup violence.
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Chapter 13: Health and Disease
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Q1) A _____ is a physiological manifestation that serves no purpose; a seizure may be an example of such a process.
Q2) A _____ serves an initial purpose; a cough, for example, is designed to expel foreign material from the respiratory tract.
Q3) In terms of infection, it is not only humans that are evolving but also bacteria and viruses; this is a problem of infection and A) coevolution
B) constraint
C) mismatch
D) tradeoff
Q4) According to the social shaping hypothesis (Taylor and Gonzaga, 2006), early social relationships have three functions. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) Social relationships calibrate how systems involved in stress responses will develop.
B) Social relationships regulate the stress response of day-to-day experiences.
C) Social relationships serve as a source of information about the environment.
D) Social relationships teach stress-coping skills and stress-avoiding behaviors.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Psychopathology
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Q1) One model of psychopathology views disorders as a breakdown of normal function. For example, Frith (1992) has suggested that the _____ of schizophrenics result from a breakdown in a mechanism that identifies whether an action was produced by the self or another.
A) auditory hallucinations
B) delusional thoughts
C) negative symptoms
D) paranoid fears
Q2) In thinking about mental disorders as dysfunctions of evolved processes, Nesse (2005) asks three questions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A) Are the cognitive and brain mechanisms normal or defective?
B) Are the symptoms in the interest of the individual, his or her genes, or neither?
C) Do other members of the individual's family exhibit the symptoms as well?
D) Did the symptoms arise from novel aspects of the environment?
Q3) Studies on fear of snakes among wild-reared and lab-reared monkeys show that fear can be learned through _____, but only in relation to evolutionary important objects.
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Chapter 15: Culture
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Q1) The historical record suggests that religion developed as culture developed and is not a(n) _____ in the classical sense of the term.
A) adaptation
B) byproduct
C) institution
D) meme
Q2) Even cultural preferences can have a _____ basis. For instance, the reason why dairy products are widely used in European diets but not Asian diets is not simply a matter of social learning; rather, the incidence of lactose tolerance is very high in Europe but low in Asia.
Q3) Cultural content is transmitted by _____ processes (i.e., cognitive information transfer) and not by the transfer of genetic materials. Hence, culture appears to be a separate inheritance system, uncoupled from genetics.
Q4) _____ rules relate to the manner in which the environment can influence the expression of the genome without directly changing the DNA, even though these patterns of gene expression can be passed on to future generations. For example, the diet of a mouse before conception can influence the hair color of her infants and even her infants' infants.
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Page 17