Introduction to Psychology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers students a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores fundamental psychological concepts, including perception, learning, memory, motivation, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Emphasizing both classic theories and contemporary research, students learn about biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors that shape human thought and action. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students gain insights into the application of psychological principles in everyday life and a foundational understanding of the methods psychologists use to study and interpret human behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 9th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Demetri is a participant in an auditory detection study using the method of constant stimuli. He never detects the 10 unit tone. He detects the 20 unit tone 25% of the trials. He detects the 30 unit tone 50% of the trials. He detects the 40 unit tone 80% of the trials. He detects the 50 unit tone 95% of the trials. His threshold for hearing tones would be taken as the
A) 15 unit tone.
B) 20 unit tone.
C) 30 unit tone.
D) 55 unit tone.
Answer: C
Q2) Kimmy is casting shadows on the wall and watching whether her cat Tiger jumps at the shadows or not. She uses different hand motions to see if there is a difference in whether Tiger jumps or not. Kimmy is informally studying which relationship?
A) the stimulus-physiology relationship
B) the physiology-perception relationship
C) the stimulus-perception relationship
D) all of these
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the ______ of the nerve fiber.
A) suppression
B) permeability
C) accommodation
D) assimilation
Answer: B
Q2) The rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of ______ input it receives from the presynaptic neuron.
A) excitation
B) inhibition
C) equalizing
D) both excitation and inhibition
Answer: D
Q3) Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.
Answer: Answer not Answer.
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Chapter 3: Neural Processing and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) A stimulus that contains alternating black and white bars is called a A) grating.
B) grid.
C) Boolean array.
D) Moire pattern.
Answer: A
Q2) ______ cells fire to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles.
A) Complex
B) Simplex
C) End-stopped
D) Edge
Answer: C
Q3) The difference in intensity between the light bars and the dark bars is called A) orientation.
B) wave form.
C) phase.
D) contrast.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the methods, results, and conclusions of Gauthier et al.'s "Greeble" research.
Q2) Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as
A) hemispheric specialization.
B) bilateral dominance.
C) retinotopic disparity.
D) ocular dominance.
Q3) A large object, such as a tree trunk, will cause
A) every neuron in one location column to fire, but no firing in any other column.
B) a limited number of neurons to fire in only one ocular dominance column.
C) firing of neurons in a number of different columns.
D) every neuron in an orientation column to fire, but not in the location columns.
Q4) According to Milner and Goodale, the dorsal stream is the _____ pathway.
A) what
B) when
C) how
D) why
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Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gestalt psychologists used the example of illusory contours to support the claim that A) perceptions are formed by combining sensations.
B) vision can be modeled on computer processing.
C) the whole is different than the sum of its parts.
D) experience determines perceptual interpretation.
Q2) The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt principle of A) proximity.
B) Pragnanz.
C) common fate.
D) synchrony.
Q3) Wundt: _________ :: Wertheimer: _____________.
A) structuralism; Gestalt psychology
B) Gestalt psychology; structuralism
C) functionalism; structuralism
D) psychophysics; metaphysics
Q4) State, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) for each of five Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
Q5) Discuss three reasons why object perception is difficult for computer vision.
Q6) Name and describe five "global image features".
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) (a) Discuss how Treisman's feature integration theory addresses the binding problem.
(b) What are illusory conjunctions, and why are they support for feature integration theory?
Q2) Simons and Chabris showed a video of students passing a basketball and asked participants to count how many passes made. In the video, a person in a gorilla suit walked through the basketball players for 5 seconds. Approximately how many of the participants reported seeing the "gorilla"?
A) 100
B) 77
C) 46
D) 23
Q3) The spreading enhancement effect of attention can help us perceive A) occluded objects.
B) the oblique effect.
C) grating stimuli.
D) illusory conjunctions.
Q4) (a) Discuss the method and results of Rensink's research on change blindness.
(b) What is the relationship between change blindness and continuity errors?
(c) Describe a specific example of a "continuity error".
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Q1) "Blind walking" studies have shown that
A) participants cannot locate nearby objects with their eyes closed.
B) flow information is necessary for navigation; blindfolded participants cannot walk to a target location they have just seen.
C) blindfolded participants can navigate short distances as long as they walk in a straight line.
D) blindfolded participants can navigate short distances when walking in a straight line or making an angled turn.
Q2) Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by
A) using flow information to estimate the destination point.
B) going toward the focus of expansion.
C) keeping their body pointed toward the destination.
D) keeping their eyes fixated on the destination.
Q3) Lee et al.'s "Swinging Room" studies found that
A) only adults are affected by flow information.
B) only young children are affected by flow information.
C) children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created.
D) adults were always able to keep their balance in the moving room.
Q4) Discuss research that shows how vision is important in performing a somersault.
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Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Camouflage can be interpreted as a problem of
A) figure-ground segregation.
B) binocular disparity.
C) induced movement.
D) the waterfall illusion.
Q2) Which of the following is true about the corollary discharge theory?
A) It can explain why you see a bird moving in flight when you are following it with your eyes.
B) It has much behavioral support, but no physiological support yet.
C) It has little behavioral support, but the comparator has been found in the IT cortex.
D) It can explain why an afterimage seems to be stationary as you move your eye to different fixation points.
Q3) A monkey with an intact MT cortex can detect the direction of moving dots when coherence is ____%, while a monkey that has had the MT cortex lesioned detects the direction of the moving dots when coherence is _____%.
A) 1-2; 10-20
B) 10-20; 1-2
C) 1-2; 1-2
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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Sample Questions
Q1) The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated checkerboard is a(n)
A) reflectance edge.
B) illumination edge.
C) ratio edge.
D) Ishihara border.
Q2) Mark enters a supermarket that is lit by red lights. After fifteen minutes he enters the produce section and finds some red apples to purchase. Mark is able to see these apples as red because he has undergone
A) chromatic adaptation.
B) re-adaption.
C) isomerization.
D) corticalization.
Q3) The trichromatic theory of color vision is also known as the _________ theory.
A) Seurat-Signac
B) Hering
C) Young-Helmholtz
D) Young-Adhart
Q4) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not coloured."
Q5) Describe three demonstrations that support the opponent-process theory of color vision.
11
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Sample Questions
Q1) The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is ___ degrees.
A) 0.5
B) 2.0
C) 4.7
D) 11.5
Q2) According to the ________ theory of the moon illusion, the overhead moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by a large amount of sky.
A) ocular dominance
B) stimulus deprivation
C) angular size-contrast
D) apparent-distance
Q3) In their study on infant use of familiar size as depth cue, Granrud et al. used ________ as the stimuli, and ________ as the dependent measure.
A) objects of different sizes; reaching
B) photographs of fruit bowls; sucking rate
C) mobiles; eye movements
D) photographs of stuffed animals; eye movements
Q4) Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.
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Chapter 11: Hearing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adding a 440 Hz tone to a 880 Hz tone and a 1320 Hz tone will result in
A) a pure tone.
B) a complex tone.
C) a "hissing"sound.
D) white noise.
Q2) The role of the middle ear is
A) to localize sounds in the environment.
B) to initiate the process of transduction via hair cells.
C) to enable fine-tuned frequency analyses of complex tonal stimuli.
D) to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid.
Q3) Research supports that an infant's ability to recognize the mother's voice is due to A) genetics.
B) the mother's diet during pregnancy.
C) hearing the mother talk while in the womb.
D) a well-developed auditory cortex at birth.
Q4) Define loudness, pitch and timbre and relate each to the physical sound stimulus.
Q5) Discuss how noise-induced hearing loss can occur, and what can be done to reduce the chances of noise-induced hearing loss.
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Chapter 12: Auditory Localization and Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Coincidence detectors
A) fire when the ITD equals 0.
B) fire when the ITD is greater than 20.
C) have been found in humans, but not in non-mammals.
D) fire when the ILD is greater than 50.
Q2) In the precedence effect, the sound from the far speaker
A) does not contribute to the perception of the sound.
B) only helps sound localization if the time difference is less than 5 milliseconds.
C) only helps sound localization if the time difference is less than 2 milliseconds.
D) contributes to the richness of the sound.
Q3) The major concern involved in architectural acoustics is how
A) indirect sound changes sound quality.
B) indirect sound affects VAS.
C) direct sound changes sound quality.
D) direct sound affects VAS.
Q4) Define visual capture and give examples of this concept.
Q5) Describe how dominant stress patterns of your native language can affect perception of meter. When does this influence develop?
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Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Masakazu is a 4-month-old Japanese infant. When presented the phonemes /r/ and /l/,
He will
A) not be able to discriminate between these two phonemes.
B) be able to discriminate between these two phonemes.
C) need the VOT changed to 10 msec to discriminate between the two phonemes.
D) spontaneously mimic the /r/, but not the /l/.
Q2) Computer speech recognition is
A) better than human speech recognition in all conditions.
B) better than human speech recognition in accuracy.
C) equal in all respects to human speech recognition.
D) worse than human speech recognition.
Q3) Using fMRI, Belin et al., (2000) were able to reveal that, in humans, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) is
A) activated more for human voices than for other sounds.
B) activated for any sound that falls in the same frequency range as the human voice. C) responsible for coordinating conflicting visual and auditory information.
D) responsible for phoneme segmentation.
Q4) Discuss two sources of the variability problem. Provide examples for each.
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Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pokorny reduced the perceived pain for a burn victim by
A) showing photographs of other burn victims.
B) microstimulating the nocioreceptors in the forearm.
C) discussing the placebo effect with the burn victim.
D) presenting a virtual-reality "game" that involved chasing a spider and grinding the spider in a garbage disposal.
Q2) Which of the following stimuli have been used to test tactile acuity?
A) Gratings
B) Letters
C) Two-point stimuli
D) Letters, gratings, and two-point stimuli have all been used.
Q3) Name and discuss the differences between the four types of mechanoreceptors.
Q4) Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by
A) using fMRIs in humans.
B) lesioning S1 areas in the monkey.
C) using somatosensory-evoked potentials in monkeys.
D) stimulating S1 areas in humans, and asking where they felt body sensations.
Q5) Describe the basic principles of the gate-control model of pain.
Q6) What is the duplex theory of texture perception? Describe research that supports this theory.
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Finding the neural code for odor molecules
A) is relatively straightforward, since molecules that are similar result in similar smells.
B) is relatively straightforward, since there is a simple relationship between the chemical properties of the odor and the perceived odor.
C) has focused on what smells cause olfactory neurons to fire.
D) has focused on which chemical odorants cause the olfactory neurons to fire.
Q2) The __________ is the structure that contains the receptors for olfaction.
A) olfactory bulb
B) olfactory mucosa
C) chorda tympani
D) substantia gelatinosa
Q3) Which of the following compounds had the same flavor whether or not the person's nose was clamped to prevent olfaction?
A) sodium oleate
B) ferrous sodium
C) MSG
D) all of these are all affected by clamping the nostrils
Q4) Compare three different methods for studying the physiology of olfaction.
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