Introduction to Psychology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides students with a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course explores major psychological concepts, theories, and research findings across topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, emotion, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Emphasis is placed on understanding how psychologists conduct research, interpret data, and apply psychological principles to everyday life. By the end of the course, students will develop critical thinking skills and gain insight into the diversity of human thought and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Understanding Psychology 11th Edition by Robert S. Feldman
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14 Chapters
2281 Verified Questions
2281 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
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276 Verified Questions
276 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many psychologists who adhere to the cognitive perspective compare human thinking to the workings of a(n).
Answer: computer
Q2) Imagine that you must read several research articles for a term paper assignment in a psychology course.Identify the critical-thinking questions you should keep in mind as you read each article.
Answer: The answer should mention most of the following questions: Purpose of the research.Is the theoretical background clearly specified? Are specific hypotheses mentioned?
Methods of the research.Who were the participants? How many participants were used? What were the specific methods that the researchers used?
Presentation of the results.Are the results presented fairly,without distortion?
Q3) Which perspective below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
A) Structuralism: emphasized what the mind does
B) Functionalism: emphasized the elements of mental experience
C) Humanism: emphasized the unconscious determinants of behavior
D) Gestalt psychology: emphasized the organization of perception
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inhibitory is to excitatory what _____ is to _____.
A) glutamate;GABA
B) glutamate;acetylcholine
C) GABA;glutamate
D) endorphins;GABA
Answer: C
Q2) Warren suffers from Wernicke's aphasia.Which of the following difficulties will he experience?
A) Warren will experience an inability to recognize faces.
B) Warren will have difficulty recognizing objects visually.
C) Warren will have trouble producing fluent speech.
D) Warren will experience difficulty understanding language.
Answer: D
Q3) The area in the parietal lobe encompasses specific locations associated with the ability to perceive touch and pressure in a particular area of the body.
Answer: somatosensory
Q4) is a chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.
Answer: Inhibitory message
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following alternatives is most accurate?
A) Synesthesia is rare.Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one in most people with synesthesia.
B) Synesthesia is rare.Exposure to sound does not evoke different hues in most people with synesthesia.
C) Synesthesia is common.Senses work independently in most people with synesthesia.
D) Synesthesia is common.Perception is multimodal in most people with synesthesia.
Answer: A
Q2) Refraction is to accommodation what the _____ is to the _____.
A) pupil;lens
B) cornea;pupil
C) cornea;lens
D) lens;cornea
Answer: C
Q3) Dr.Garner studies the relationship between the objective brightness of visual stimuli and observers' subjective impression of their brightness.Dr.Garner is a(n).
Answer: psychophysicist
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Chapter 4: States of Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) MDMA is more commonly known as .
Q2) The "date rape drug" is _____;it is a _____.
A) rohypnol;depressant
B) rohypnol;narcotic
C) phenobarbital;stimulant
D) phenobarbital;narcotic
Q3) According to hypnosis researcher Ernest Hilgard,hypnosis brings about a dissociation of consciousness into two simultaneous components.This is known as
A) divided consciousness
B) complementary consciousness
C) simultaneous consciousness
D) binary consciousness
Q4) drugs influence emotion,perception,and behavior.
Q5) Approximately what percentage of the population can be very easily hypnotized?
A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 30%
D) 50%
Q6) Dexedrine,benzedrine,and crystal methamphetamine are examples of .
Q7) Briefly discuss the reasons for needing sleep.
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is TRUE about stimulus control training?
A) In stimulus control training,a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus.
B) In stimulus control training,a behavior is reinforced in the absence of a specific stimulus.
C) Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
D) Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a simple behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Q2) _____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
A) Functional modification
B) Genetic modification
C) Posttranslational modification
D) Behavior modification
Q3) In observational learning,the organism whose behavior is observed is termed the .
Q4) In Pavlov's study,the bell is both a(n)stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.
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Chapter 6: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) While a computer's hard drive may be likened to the memory process of storage,its keyboard is analogous to the process of .
Q2) You have just listened to your current favorite song on your iPod.You can still hear traces of the final chorus,even though the song has just ended.For a few seconds,the song will be represented in auditory sensory memory,or memory.
Q3) Memories of which we are not consciously aware of are called _____ memories.
A) internal
B) subliminal
C) subconscious
D) implicit
Q4) Estelle remembers the night she was mugged and brutally beaten.This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus,but also her:
A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) thalamus.
D) amygdala.
Q5) Semantic and episodic memory are subdivisions of memory.
Q6) What are constructive processes in memory? Explain.
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Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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254 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of academic success and career success?
A) Academic success and career success both rely on the sort of intelligence assessed by traditional intelligence tests.
B) Academic success and career success are based on two different types of intelligence.
C) Traditional tests were designed to relate to career success,while contemporary tests are designed to relate to academic success.
D) Both academic and career success relate to practical intelligence.
Q2) Using Binet's formula,the IQ of a six-year-old child with a mental age of eight is .
Q3) When you use the availability heuristic,you are:
A) making frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind.
B) overcoming mental set.
C) mistaking visual images and other forms of mental representations for reality.
D) assuming that something is typical of its class.
Q4) The process of forming subgoals is known as .
Q5) Estelle is playing with images and concepts in her mind.Her cognitive psychology professor would say that she is .
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) is the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
Q2) Natalie's body mass index (BMI)is 26.She is best described as:
A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.
Q3) Which approach to motivation is correctly matched with one or more psychologists?
A) Instinct theory-Horney
B) Drive-reduction approach-Maslow
C) Hierarchy of needs-Hull
D) Self-determination theory- Deci and Ryan
Q4) The testes produce _____,and the ovaries produce _____.
A) progesterone;androgen
B) estrogen;progesterone
C) progesterone;estrogen
D) androgen;estrogen
Q5) Identify the three functions of emotions.Provide original examples to illustrate each function.
Q6) Compare and contrast the James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.
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Chapter 9: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which age range below is incorrectly labeled with its Piagetian stage?
A) 0-2 years;sensorimotor stage
B) 2-7 years;preoperational stage
C) 7-12 years;concrete operational stage
D) 12 years-adulthood;postoperational stage
Q2) A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism but fails to understand the concept of conservation.In the context of the Piagetian stages,she is most likely in the _____ stage.
A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational
Q3) Which of the following figures best approximates the percentage of married women with school-age children who work outside the home?
A) 35%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 75%
Q4) Menopause is accompanied by a decrease in the production of the female hormone .
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Chapter 10: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ is the final personality structure to develop in childhood that represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents,teachers,and other significant individuals.
A) ego
B) alter ego
C) superego
D) id
Q2) Which of the following alternatives incorrectly identifies an advantage or disadvantage of the trait approach to personality?
A) Con: Trait approaches are merely descriptions of personality,not explanations.
B) Con: Trait approaches do not facilitate the objective comparison of one person with another.
C) Pro: Trait approaches have led to many useful personality assessment inventories.
D) Pro: Trait approaches provide a clear,straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies.
Q3) Evaluate the learning approaches to personality.
Q4) Albert Bandura is one of the leading proponents of the approach to personality.
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12
Chapter 11: Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is found to be the least successful coping method for dealing with stress?
A) Avoidant coping
B) Proactive coping
C) Emotion-focused coping
D) Problem-focused coping
Q2) Hostility may trigger the release of such hormones as ,which may ultimately elevate the risk of heart disease.
Q3) Steve gets himself a couple of drinks at his favorite pub,every day after work,in order to reduce his stress.Steve is engaging himself in _____ coping.
A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) proactive
D) avoidant
Q4) Describe some of the effective tools for ending the habit of smoking.
Q5) Joan is gentle,friendly,laid-back,and cooperative;she displays a(n)behavior pattern.
Q6) Describe the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
Q7) Commitment,challenge,and control are the three Cs of.
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Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Insanity is a(n)_____ term.
A) legal
B) psychological
C) archaic
D) colloquial
Q2) The results of Rosenhan's classic study illustrate that:
A) the brains of people with depression show significantly less activation when they view photos of human faces displaying strong emotions.
B) learned helplessness is a learned expectation that events in one's life are uncontrollable.
C) determining who is psychologically disordered is always a clear-cut,accurate process.
D) placing labels on individuals powerfully influences the way mental health workers perceive and interpret their actions.
Q3) Describe major depressive disorder.
Q4) is an acquired expectation that events in one's life are uncontrollable and that one cannot escape from the situation.
Q5) Illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder are specific types of .
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Chapter 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radiation is used to destroy specific brain areas in a type of psychosurgery called _____;it is used to treat _____.
A) transcranial magnetic stimulation;obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation;major depression
C) gamma knife surgery;obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) gamma knife surgery;major depression
Q2) Adrienne is describing a dream to her therapist.The events she recounts constitute the content of her dream.
Q3) _____ treatment approaches make use of the basic processes of learning,such as reinforcement and extinction,and assume that normal and abnormal behaviors are both learned.
A) Cognitive
B) Psychodynamic
C) Behavioral
D) Humanistic
Q4) is the transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community.
Q5) Discuss how (a)free association; (b)dream interpretation; (c)resistance;and (d)transference may be used as tools in psychoanalytic therapy.
Q6) Briefly describe psychosurgery.
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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154 Verified Questions
154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fundamental attribution error is very common because:
A) when we view another person's behavior in a particular setting,the most conspicuous information is the person's immediate surroundings.
B) we center on an individual's immediate surroundings which change rapidly without focusing on the person's behavior.
C) of the nature of information available to the people making an attribution.
D) we tend to exaggerate the importance of environmental factors in producing others' behavior and minimize the influence of personality characteristics.
Q2) Courtney is enrolled in an advanced physics class at her high school.She is one of only three girls in the class,and she is aware of the notion that girls are poorer at math and science than boys.This knowledge may actually hinder Courtney's performance in the class as a result of:
A) entrapment.
B) stereotype threat.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
Q3) A change in behavior in response to a direct command is termed .
Q4) refers to the way people understand and make sense of others and themselves.
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