Introduction to Psychology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides students with a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores fundamental concepts such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and abnormal behavior. Students will examine major psychological theories, research methods, and key findings that shape our understanding of human thoughts, feelings, and actions. Through interactive discussions and practical activities, the course encourages critical thinking and application of psychological principles to everyday life, laying the foundation for further study in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Lifespan Development 3rd edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2078 Verified Questions
2078 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tammy's father is an exceptional gymnast.When Tammy was just a toddler,her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast.Tammy's father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by A) nurture.
B) stages.
C) nature.
D) early experiences.
Answer: C
Q2) In the United States,adolescents from immigrant families
A) view school success as both their own and their parents' success.
B) are more likely than those from native-born families to be obese.
C) report lower self-esteem than those from native-born families.
D) are more likely than their agemates to use drugs.
Answer: A
Q3) In Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs,the neutral stimulus was A) the food.
B) salivation.
C) the bell.
D) the trainer.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) When sperm and ovum unite at conception,a(n)__________ results.
A) autosome
B) gamete
C) zygote
D) allele
Answer: C
Q2) Meiosis
A) doubles the number of chromosomes normally present in the body cells.
B) halves the number of chromosomes normally present in the body cells.
C) permits the chromosomes to copy themselves.
D) results in dizygotic twins.
Answer: B
Q3) __________ trigger chemical reactions throughout the body.
A) Proteins
B) Genes
C) Chromosomes
D) Gametes
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn
Baby
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)indicates that
A) even mild drinking is associated with reduced head size and body growth.
B) the impairments caused by heavy, regular alcohol use during pregnancy are reversible.
C) all fetuses are equally vulnerable to the damaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
D) FAS babies catch up to agemates in physical size when provided with an enriched diet.
Answer: A
Q2) Natural,or prepared,childbirth includes
A) routine use of strong drugs.
B) classes about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery.
C) fetal monitoring and anesthetics.
D) a surgical birth.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The auditory and visual cortexes develop rapidly during A) the first year.
B) the second year.
C) the preschool years.
D) adolescence.
Q2) In most people,the right hemisphere handles
A) spoken language.
B) spatial abilities.
C) positive emotion.
D) written language.
Q3) Glial cells
A) are responsible for myelination.
B) store and transmit information.
C) are the tiny gaps between neurons.
D) carry messages between neurons.
Q4) Describe the development of pattern perception.
Q5) The Greens have just learned that the boy they plan to adopt is suffering from kwashiorkor.What can you tell them about this disease? Are there long-term consequences?
Q6) Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development. Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Theorists who apply the information-processing perspective to language development note that
A) a language acquisition device helps children rapidly learn new words.
B) brain regions housing language also govern similar perceptual and cognitive abilities.
C) infants' capacity to analyze speech is sufficient to account for mastery of intricate grammatical structures.
D) children's social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development.
Q2) According to Piaget,organization takes place
A) through direct contact with the environment.
B) internally.
C) in the zone of proximal development.
D) externally.
Q3) When adults participate,toddlers' make-believe
A) tends to focus on repetitive actions.
B) is less elaborate.
C) is more elaborate.
D) tends to focus on following rules.
Q4) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the information-processing perspective.
Page 8
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensitive caregiving is
A) a method of evaluating attachment security in toddlers.
B) moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures.
C) strongly related to attachment security in diverse cultures.
D) related to temperamental characteristics, but not to attachment security.
Q2) An example of social referencing is when an infant or toddler
A) cries when picked up by an unfamiliar adult.
B) looks at his mother's facial expression before touching an unfamiliar toy.
C) prefers one parent over the other.
D) screams with anger when he cannot reach a desired toy.
Q3) __________ are at high risk for adjustment problems.
A) Easy children
B) Difficult children
C) Slow-to-warm-up children
D) Children who do not fit in any of Thomas and Chess's temperament categories
Q4) By 4 months,infants
A) become consciously aware of the self's physical features.
B) look and smile more at video images of others than at ones of themselves.
C) identify themselves as physically unique human beings.
D) cease making scale errors.
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oral rehydration therapy
A) can prevent most developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea. B) is not cost-effective.
C) has eradicated most childhood diseases in the United States.
D) depresses the body's immune system, making children far more susceptible to disease.
Q2) Compared with social nonpretend play activities,during sociodramatic play preschoolers' interactions
A) are shorter.
B) are less cooperative.
C) draw more children into the activity.
D) show less involvement.
Q3) Most 3- and 4-year-olds can
A) draw so others can tell what their pictures are.
B) create conventional animal figures with the head and body differentiated.
C) represent depth in drawings.
D) use lines to represent the boundaries of objects.
Q4) Dominic is left-handed.He would like to know if his infant son is likely to be left-handed or right-handed.What can you tell him about the roles of nature and nurture in handedness?
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about peer sociability in collectivist versus individualistic societies is true?
A) Children in collectivist cultures spend more time in parallel play than children in individualistic cultures.
B) Children in collectivist cultures spend more time in make-believe play than children in individualistic cultures.
C) Children in individualistic cultures tend to play in larger groups than children in collectivist cultures.
D) Children in collectivist societies generally play in large groups, which require high levels of cooperation.
Q2) Wendy and James pretend to fly.They run around the yard with their arms outstretched.James says,"Wendy,flap your arms.It makes you go faster!" They are engaged in __________ play.
A) cooperative
B) associative
C) parallel
D) nonsocial
Q3) Describe two distinct purposes and three distinct forms of aggression.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about playing games in middle childhood is true?
A) Child-invented games are usually contests of individual ability.
B) Gains in perspective taking permit a transition to rule-oriented games.
C) School-age children today spend more time engaged in informal outdoor play.
D) For most children, joining community sports is associated with decreased self-esteem.
Q2) A child who is capable of reversibility can
A) center on just one aspect of a problem, rather than focus on several aspects at once.
B) focus on relations between a general category and two specific categories at the same time.
C) order items along a quantitative dimension.
D) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction.
Q3) According to Piaget,children are first able to __________ in middle childhood.
A) think in an abstract way
B) understand object permanence
C) successfully complete conservation tasks
D) combine multiple schemes
Q4) Discuss the psychological consequences of childhood obesity.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about the impact on U.S.children of the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks is true?
A) Those with indirect exposure from the media suffered no real distress.
B) Distress reactions declined more slowly for children with conflict-ridden parent-child relationships.
C) Distress reactions improved more rapidly for children with direct rather than indirect exposure.
D) Repeatedly witnessing the attacks on TV desensitized children, decreasing their distress.
Q2) On a measure of peer acceptance,Rita received mostly negative votes.Rita would be considered a __________ child.
A) neglected
B) rejected
C) popular
D) controversial
Q3) Discuss the impact of maternal employment on development in middle childhood.
Q4) Describe how child-rearing practices affect the development of self-esteem.
Q5) Anya is a rejected-aggressive child.Describe the characteristics that Anya likely displays as a result.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) In Canada and Western Europe,where community- and school-based clinics offer adolescents contraceptives and where universal health insurance helps pay for them,__________ is/are much __________ than in the United States.
A) teenage sexual activity; higher
B) teenage sexual activity; lower
C) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates; higher
D) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates; much lower
Q2) About __________ of anorexic boys are __________.
A) a quarter; early-maturing youths who are anxious and prone to depression
B) half; gay or bisexual youths who are uncomfortable with a strong, muscular appearance
C) half; also afflicted with bulimia nervosa
D) three-quarters; African-American youths who are dissatisfied with their physical characteristics
Q3) In a study involving weather predictions,media multitaskers
A) activated the hippocampus, which plays a vital role in explicit memory.
B) activated subcortical areas involved in implicit memory.
C) were able to apply their learning to new weather problems.
D) learned more thoroughly than participants working only on the weather task.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be A) identity-achieved.
B) identity-diffused.
C) in moratorium.
D) identity-foreclosed.
Q2) At Kohlberg's Stage 6 of moral development,individuals
A) become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma.
B) believe that laws should not be disobeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order.
C) regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes.
D) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.
Q3) As interest in dating increases,
A) membership in same-sex cliques increases.
B) boys' and girls' cliques come together.
C) crowds increase in importance.
D) membership in deviant crowds increases.
Q4) Discuss the factors related to adolescent depression.
Q5) Define gender intensification.Explain the role of gender typing and androgyny in adolescent development.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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109 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Physical activity
A) improves mood, but decreases alertness.
B) reduces anxiety and depression.
C) promotes low-density lipoproteins.
D) decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex.
Q2) Declines in __________ functioning contribute to many conditions of aging,including increased susceptibility to infectious disease and cancer.
A) nervous system
B) connective tissue
C) circulatory system
D) immune system
Q3) Which of the following adults in the most likely to be obese?
A) Jane, a Caucasian American
B) Penelope, a Hispanic American
C) Victoria, a Native American
D) Lana, an African American
Q4) Describe how biological aging affects motor performance.
Q5) Describe the psychological impact of attending college.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brad and Ashley live in the United States and are married with children.They both work full-time.Which of the following statements is most likely true?
A) They share housework equally.
B) Brad participates in child care about 85 percent as much as Ashley does.
C) Ashley spends about 85 percent as much time as Brad does on housework.
D) Ashley spends nearly twice as much time as Brad does on child care.
Q2) __________,especially,forge compatible friendships before becoming involved romantically.
A) Lesbians
B) Gay men
C) Heterosexual men
D) Heterosexual women
Q3) Overall,women are __________ as likely as men to initiate divorce proceedings.
A) half
B) just
C) twice
D) three times
Q4) Explain the concept of emerging adulthood as it applies to young people in industrialized nations.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a neural change in vision?
A) presbyopia
B) glaucoma
C) loss of rods and cones in the retina
D) development of opaque areas in the vitreous
Q2) Among middle-aged men,
A) cancer deaths exceed cardiovascular disease deaths by a small margin.
B) cancer is by far the leading cause of death.
C) cardiovascular disease is by far the leading cause of death.
D) cardiovascular disease deaths exceed cancer deaths by a small margin.
Q3) Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is true?
A) A family history of osteoporosis increases risk of the condition.
B) Overweight and obese women have an increased risk of the condition.
C) By the late sixties, the decline in bone mass is two to five times greater in men than in women.
D) Asian Americans are the most susceptible to the condition.
Q4) Discuss changes in information processing speed that individuals experience in the aging process.Compare and contrast the neural network view with the information-loss view.
Q5) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about gender and ethnicity in the workplace is true?
A) Inequalities in promotion become less pronounced over time.
B) Women who are promoted usually attain the most prestigious high-level management jobs.
C) The glass ceiling is a phenomenon of the past in the United States.
D) Women who demonstrate leadership qualities encounter prejudice because they deviate from traditional gender roles.
Q2) According to Vaillant,as people approach the end of middle age,they are more likely to focus on
A) personal, short-term goals.
B) career advancement opportunities.
C) the state of human relations in their society.
D) keeping up with technological advances.
Q3) When departure of children results in __________,parents' psychological well-being declines.
A) little need for parental guidance
B) little or no communication
C) a successful child
D) positive communication
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the impact that falls can have in late adulthood.
Q2) In one investigation,__________,appearing an average of four years in advance of death,predicted mortality.
A) growth in the prefrontal cortex
B) an increase in processing speed
C) a sharp drop in life satisfaction
D) a cognitive rebound
Q3) Which of the following statements about exercise in late adulthood is true?
A) Weight-bearing exercise promotes muscle size and strength, even if begun as late as age 90.
B) Brain scans show that physically fit older people experience more tissue loss in the cerebral cortex.
C) "Taking it easy" is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.
D) Good nutrition and physical activity are only beneficial when they are lifelong habits.
Q4) __________ increases the risk for cataracts.
A) Working at a computer
B) Color blindness
C) Heredity
D) Impaired vision in childhood
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) In the dependency-support script,
A) support is given for independent behaviors only.
B) dependent behaviors are ignored.
C) dependent behaviors are attended to immediately D) independent behaviors are reinforced.
Q2) Which of the following statements about retirement policies is true?
A) In most Western nations, generous social security benefits sustain the standard of living of most workers after they retire.
B) Due to generous social security benefits, even U.S. retirees who held low-income jobs without benefits experience falling living standards.
C) When compared with other Western nations, U.S. policies make retirement more feasible for the economically disadvantaged.
D) In the United States, time devoted to child rearing is given some credit when figuring retirement benefits, especially benefiting women to take time off to rear children.
Q3) Discuss never-married,childless older adults.What unique challenges to they face?
Q4) What do older adults typically consider when choosing the right time to retire?
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Page 21
Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is associated with poorer survival.
A) Denial
B) Anger
C) Bargaining
D) Depression
Q2) Which of the following statements about contemporary attitudes toward death is true?
A) Death anxiety-fear and apprehension of death-is widespread.
B) Few people reach adulthood without having experienced the death of someone they know well.
C) When death occurs, people of all ages take care of tasks that involve confronting it directly.
D) Because Americans are exposed to frequent images of death in the media, death anxiety is rare.
Q3) In many Native American groups,
A) death is met with stoic self-control.
B) dying people believe that it is possible to reach a state beyond the world of suffering.
C) an illness is viewed as a crisis that unites family members.
D) a karakia ceremony is conducted to ask the creator for peace.
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