Introduction to Psychology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides a broad overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores foundational topics such as biological bases of behavior, cognition, learning, perception, development, emotion, motivation, personality, psychological disorders, and social influences. Students will gain an understanding of key theories, research methods, and applications of psychology in everyday life, laying the groundwork for more advanced study in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Psychological Science Modeling Scientific Literacy 1st Edition by Mark Krause
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17 Chapters
4332 Verified Questions
4332 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science
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248 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists could be involved in virtually any field of work because:
A)they study how people behave in multiple situations,including how they carry out the tasks associated with their jobs.
B)they are not enough jobs,so psychologists usually cannot find work in their own field.
C)they are more likely to change careers than most other professions.
D)it is unlikely that they have the social skills needed when working cooperatively with others.
Answer: A
Q2) In the late 20th century,psychology __________.
A)expanded dramatically
B)stagnated
C)contracted slightly
D)contracted dramatically
Answer: A
Q3) While popular with audiences,television shows about criminal profilers and crime-scene investigation generally misrepresent the job of a typical _______________ psychologist.
Answer: forensic
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3
Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research
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270 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about studies that potentially increase mortality salience in participants?
A)Mortality salience is classified as a physical risk.
B)Studies which increase mortality salience are unethical.
C)Stress from mortality salience is typically short term and can be an acceptable risk.
D)Studies which increase mortality salience are always acceptable.
Answer: C
Q2) The term statistical significance implies that the results are ________________.
A)important
B)extremely meaningful
C)valid
D)not likely due to chance
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is subjective?
A)the height of a tree
B)the speed of a reflex
C)the weight of a soil sample
D)the value of a painting
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The brain is divided into several different structures on the bottom part of the brain referred to as the "hindbrain." Which of the parts of the brain listed below is located in the hindbrain?
A)amygdala
B)occipital lobe
C)cerebellum
D)thalamus
Answer: C
Q2) The small gap between adjacent neurons is the:
A)gli A
B)myelin sheath.
C)synaptic cleft.
D)terminal.
Answer: C
Q3) The central nervous system consists of the __________.
A)parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
B)brain and the spinal cord
C)muscles and glands
D)sense organs and sensory neurons
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Despite the fact that we have only about 1,000 different types of receptors,we can detect about 10,000 different odors.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true of the fovea?
A)It contains only rods.
B)It contains the highest concentration of cones.
C)It is located around the periphery of the retina.
D)It works best in low light conditions.
Q3) Feature detection cells in the visual cortex respond primarily to features such as:
A)color and brightness.
B)size and distance.
C)angles and edges.
D)eyes,noses and mouths.
Q4) Color,shape,size,and brightness are all types of perceptual _______.
A)closure
B)constancy
C)reversibility
D)coherency
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Chapter 5: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose someone you knew was suffering from insomnia.Explain five healthy sleep related habits or techniques that they could use to improve his or her sleep?
Q2) At a biological level,how do psychoactive drugs primarily work?
A)They alter the body's basal metabolism rate.
B)They act on brain neurotransmitters and receptors.
C)They disrupt glial cell activity in the cortex.
D)They interfere with brainstem function,which leads to cortical dysfunctions.
Q3) What term do sleep researchers use to designate Stages 1-4 of sleep?
A)REM sleep
B)Non-REM sleep
C)REMN sleep
D)paradoxical sleep
Q4) REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because:
A)the brain is very active,yet the body is entirely inactive.
B)the body is very active and restless,but the brain is very inactive.
C)the eyes are open,though the person remains asleep.
D)colorful dreams occur,in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.
Q5) Hypnosis increases the overall accuracy of memory.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study.The term Bobo refers to
A)Bandura's pet name for the dog used in the study.
B)Bandura's loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study.
C)Bandura's nickname that his wife had given him.
D)the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.
Q2) Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as
A)positive punishment.
B)negative punishment.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)vicarious punishment.
Q3) Before studying conditioning,Ivan Pavlov studied ______________.
A)cardiac physiology
B)canine anatomy
C)digestive processes
D)the endocrine system
Q4) The four processes involved in ______________________ include attention to the act or behavior,memory for it,the ability to reproduce it,and the motivation to do so.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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275 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Flashbulb memories are:
A)eidetic memories.
B)clear and vivid memories of where one was and what one was doing when a special event occurred.
C)photographic memories.
D)visual images that are extremely difficult to describe.
Q2) The tendency for recall of the items in the middle of the list to surpass recall of the first and last items on a list is called the serial position effect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?
A)implicit memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory
Q4) One type of declarative memory is called ________________ memory.These memories involve facts,but do not revolve around specific events or personal experiences.
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Chapter 8: Thought and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) A _____ is a mental representation of an average member of a category.
A)basic level category
B)prototype
C)similarity principle
D)network
Q2) Which of the following is a unique property of language that helps to distinguish it from animal communication?
A)Language uses sounds to communicate.
B)Language communicates information about the past and the future.
C)Language can be used to pass information between individuals.
D)Language is important for survival.
Q3) Research with chimpanzees has clearly demonstrated that nonhumans are capable of acquiring language.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Research on linguistic relativity suggests that
A)Language has a complete control over how people categorize the world.
B)Language can have some effects on categorization,but the effects are limited.
C)Language has no effect on categorization.
D)Researchers have not addressed this question.
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Chapter 9: Intelligence, aptitude, and Cognitive Abilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oscar is an African American,and is aware of the fact that,on average,African Americans score lower on aptitude tests compared to European Americans.While taking an aptitude test,Oscar spends so much time worrying about this fact,that he has trouble concentrating on the test itself.It is likely that ______________ will cause Oscar to underperform on the test.
Q2) Which of the following is true concerning "twin study" research findings?
A)Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations.
B)Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins.
C)Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins.
D)Identical twins raised together have less similar scores than identical twins raised apart.
Q3) Jonah receives the results of his intelligence test,which describes his score as having a percentile rank of .70 (or 70%).What does this information indicate about Jonah's intelligence score?
A)He has an IQ of 70.
B)He has an IQ of 30.
C)His score is greater than the score of 70% of the population.
D)His score is less than the score of 70% of the population.
Q4) Charles Spearman used the letter g as an abbreviation for
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Chapter 10: Life Span Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Generativity or stagnation are two feelings that may dominate a person's life during:
A)middle adulthood.
B)young adulthood.
C)late adulthood.
D)the period after he is told that he has a terminal illness.
Q2) Two-year-old Jeffrey continues playing when his mother returns home and does not respond to her greetings.His attachment style might be described as: _____.
A)avoidant
B)resistant
C)disorganized
D)secure
Q3) Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called _______.
A)schema
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)structure
Q4) A(n)________________ is first created when a sperm and an ovum fuse together.
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Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your textbook,erectile dysfunction (ED)in men is often caused by A)cardiovascular problems.
B)prolonged refractory periods.
C)sexually transmitted diseases.
D)cirrhosis of the liver.
Q2) Saying "I'm full" at the end of a meal is a common way to let others know that you have reached the point of A)homeostasis.
B)satiation.
C)maximum drive.
D)social facilitation.
Q3) _______________ goals are positive experiences that you seek directly.
A)Approach
B)Performance
C)Mastery
D)Learning
Q4) Terror management theory predicts that people use ____________ to help reduce the fear of their own death.
Q5) ____________motives reflect a desire to understand or overcome a challenge for its own sake.
13
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Chapter 12: Personality
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241 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?
A)the preconscious mind
B)the conscious area
C)suppressions
D)the unconscious
Q2) Identifying with one's opposite-sex parent occurs in which psychosexual stage?
A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital
Q3) Dr.Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the particular idiosyncrasies that make individuals unique.Instead,her research involves studying large groups of people in order to make generalizations about the structure of personality.Dr.Mano's research is an example of:
A)the nomothetic approach.
B)the MMPI approach.
C)factor analysis.
D)the idiographic approach.
Q4) Freud believed the id was fueled by an energy called _____________.
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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments.John explains that he has done nothing wrong-if these people were not so greedy,they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes.In his mind,his victims got exactly what they deserved.John's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ________ personality disorder.
A)schizoid
B)schizotypal
C)histrionic
D)antisocial
Q2) According to the _______________,a person either has a psychological disorder or they do not.In contrast,the _______________ treats the normal-abnormal distinction as a matter of degree.
A)biopsychosocial model; medical model
B)medical model; biopsychosocial model
C)categorical view; dimensional view
D)dimensional view; categorical view
Q3) ______________ are sudden,intense episodes of anxiety that rarely last for more than 10 minutes.
Q4) Why do many researchers consider schizophrenia a brain disorder?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does humanistic therapy emphasize?
A)the unconscious
B)personal growth
C)errant thought processes
D)dream interpretation
Q2) What does it mean to say that a therapy has "empirical support"?
A)Insurance companies prefer it.
B)Therapists prefer to use it.
C)Research studies confirm that it is effective compared to no treatment and possibly compared to other alternatives.
D)Research studies demonstrate that it can do a better job than drugs.
Q3) Psychotherapies that emphasize changing clients' perceptions of their life situation as a way of modifying their behavior are called __________.
A)behavior therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)Gestalt therapy
Q4) SSRIs have been shown to increase _______________,the growth of brand-new neurons,in the hippocampus.
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Chapter 15: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a step in making a decision to help?
A)supplying help
B)moving away to observe
C)noticing the distressed person
D)interpreting the situation
Q2) When half of his class earned Ds and Fs on the midterm exam,Professor Bush came back to the next class and delivered a stern lecture about their effort.He admonished the class for failing to meet their obligations,for being lazy,and for not taking their studies seriously.These attributions,which were all __________ attributions,did not really give any consideration to the fact that the students may have had other reasons for failing the exam that were beyond their immediate control.
A)cooperative
B)internal
C)accusatory
D)situational
Q3) The ______________ occurs when an individual in a group is less likely to provide help than he or she would be if they were alone.
Q4) ______________ attribution is also known as situational attribution.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Krause and Corts
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Sample Questions
Q1) People often turn to religion to explain natural disasters.This behavior demonstrates the concept of _____.
A)compensatory control
B)learned helplessness
C)coping
D)resilience
Q2) Which of the following is true about stress?
A)Any amount of stress is detrimental and should be avoided.
B)High levels of stress generally improve performance.
C)Stress facilitates performing complex tasks more than it does simple tasks.
D)Low levels of stress can be motivating.
Q3) Research indicates that eating only 60% of your normal amount of calories might be the key to longevity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Events which cause people to experience stress are called ___________.
A)stress stimuli
B)negative reinforcers
C)traumas
D)stressors
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Krause and Corts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes the typical effect taking a vacation has on burnout at work?
A)Vacations have no detectable effect on burnout.
B)Taking even a short vacation decreases burnout for an extended period of time.
C)Taking vacations actually increased burnout after returning because of the contrast effect.
D)Vacations temporarily decrease burnout,but the effect is short lived.
Q2) Dwight is a very hands-off boss.He is technically in charge of running the office,but in reality the employees do what they want.Dwight's style of leadership is best describes as
A)transactional.
B)laissez-faire.
C)abusive.
D)transformational.
Q3) Who of the following were pioneers in the field of I/O psychology?
A)Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
B)Watson and Rayner
C)Masters and Johnson
D)Sigmund and Anna Freud
Q4) In job analysis,KSAO stands for ____________________________.
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