Introduction to Nursing Research
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Nursing Research provides students with foundational knowledge of the research process as it applies to nursing practice. The course explores key concepts such as evidence-based practice, research design, data collection, and analysis techniques relevant to the healthcare setting. Students will learn to critically evaluate research literature, understand ethical considerations in research, and appreciate the role of research in advancing nursing knowledge and improving patient outcomes. Emphasis is placed on developing skills for identifying researchable problems, reviewing scientific literature, and translating research findings into practice.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 8th Edition by Geri LoBiondoWood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) What is the primary value of evidence-based nursing practice?
A) Implementing the most cost-effective nursing practices when providing patient care
B) Incorporating research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient care
C) Separating nursing research as unique from the research of other disciplines
D) Developing new nursing theories to promote the growth of nursing science
Answer: B
Q2) Which of these actions demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursing research?
A) Designing a nursing research study
B) Analyzing data to determine a study's outcomes
C) Evaluating the credibility of research findings
D) Implementing an intervention found to be effective in one clinical case study
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) The nurse has defined the hypothesis as, "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged two days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy." This statement is an example of what?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Answer: D
Q2) A nurse researcher proposes a study of teenage mothers and their experience with postpartum depression. Which of these considerations would affect the feasibility of the study?
A) Availability of participants
B) Direction of the hypotheses
C) Gaps in the literature
D) Design of the study
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) What is considered to be essential to a thorough and relevant review of the literature?
A) Use of both published and unpublished sources
B) Critical evaluation of mainly primary sources
C) Liberal use of secondary sources
D) Evaluation of both quantitative and qualitative sources
Answer: B
Q2) When comparing MEDLINE and CINAHL databases, which of these differences will the nurse find?
A) The coverage of MEDLINE dates back to 1975, whereas the coverage of CINAHL dates back to 1980.
B) MEDLINE's journal coverage includes more than 10,000 biomedical journals, whereas CINAHL's coverage includes more than 5000 journals.
C) MEDLINE's database size is more than 21 million records, whereas CINAHL's database size is more than 3.2 million records.
D) MEDLINE has more than 500 Evidence-Based Care Sheets, whereas CINAHL has more than 50 Evidence-Based Care Sheets.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) In which way are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher?
A) Practice is the operational definition of theory.
B) Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
C) Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
D) Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
Q2) Situation-specific nursing theories are becoming more popular in nursing research for which of these reasons?
A) Increased emphasis on evidence-based practice
B) Increased need for broad and generalizable models to explain phenomena
C) Decreased resources for funding of grand theory development
D) Decreased use of theories borrowed from other disciplines
Q3) A graphic or symbolic representation of a phenomenon not directly observable, which allows the reader to visualize key constructs and their interrelationships, is called what?
A) A concept
B) A conceptual definition
C) An operational definition
D) A model
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) A nurse's research question is, "What is the grief experience of women older than 30 years from rural Mexico who have a late-stage pregnancy loss?" Which aspect of the question represents the study's context?
A) Late-stage pregnancy loss
B) Women older than 30 years
C) Grief experience
D) Rural Mexico
Q2) The determining factor for a researcher in selecting a qualitative research approach should be what?
A) The need to test a theory
B) The nature of the research question
C) The age and gender of the research participants
D) The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon
Q3) Which description is typical of a qualitative research study?
A) Deductive reasoning is used.
B) Truth is a subject's perception of reality.
C) Sample size is determined before the study begins.
D) One or more variables are measured in a context-free setting.
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which title suggests an ethnographic study?
A) The phenomenon of breast self-examination among African American women
B) The lived experience of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
C) The need for culturally sensitive cancer prevention patient education materials
D) The challenge of retaining femininity after mastectomy
Q2) Which criteria are used to judge a qualitative study's scientific rigor? (Select all that apply.)
A) Reality based
B) Credibility
C) Confidentiality of participants
D) Auditability
E) Recordkeeping
F) Fittingness
Q3) When a researcher analyzes data from a phenomenologic study, what is the final synthesis of participants' reported experiences?
A) Description of the lived experience
B) Identification of thought sequences
C) Generalization of the findings
D) Classification of recurring themes
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of these titles of a research report indicates the study is qualitative, rather than quantitative?
A) Predicting the treatment choice for women older than age 50 experiencing breast cancer
B) Evaluating nursing interventions for complex oncology clinical phenomena
C) Using virtual reality as a distraction method during chemotherapy
D) Transcending pain during bone marrow aspiration
Q2) When critiquing a report of a qualitative research study, the nurse asks, "Is protection of human participants addressed?" This question is critiquing what section of the report?
A) Data analysis
B) Data collection
C) Statement of the phenomenon of interest
D) Conclusions, implications, and recommendations
Q3) Which activity represents attention to credibility in a qualitative study?
A) Ensuring that all subjects self-identified with a specific ethnic group.
B) Providing direct quotations from study participants.
C) Identifying the basic social psychological process (BSP) under study.
D) Determining usefulness of the data outside of the study.
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9
Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) How could a nurse researcher's use of a homogeneous sample weaken a research study?
A) By decreasing the reliability of the findings
B) By decreasing the generalizability of the findings
C) By increasing the number of subjects needed to reach statistical significance
D) By increasing the risk that the findings were the result of chance alone
Q2) The nurse researcher designed a study examining anxiety among elementary school children. If a widely publicized murder of a child occurred in the city during the time frame of the study, what type of threat to internal validity would the murder represent?
A) Maturation
B) Instrumentation
C) Selection bias
D) Historical
Q3) What is the overall purpose of the research design in a quantitative research study?
A) To determine sample size
B) To identify the problem statement
C) To assist the researcher in identifying gaps in the knowledge base
D) To provide the plan for answering the research question
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) The nurse researcher is planning a study in which subjects will not be randomly assigned to groups. Which type of design would be appropriate for this study?
A) Nonequivalent control group design
B) Posttest only control group design
C) Solomon four-group design
D) True experimental design
Q2) A quasi-experimental study design would be a better choice for a research study than an experimental study design in which of these situations?
A) The study is to be conducted in a laboratory setting.
B) An experimental treatment is not part of the study.
C) The researcher has not conducted research before.
D) Full experimental control is not possible.
Q3) A quasi-experimental research design would be preferable to an experimental design in which of these situations?
A) A smaller sample size is sufficient to obtain significant results.
B) Demonstration of a cause-and-effect relationship is the desired outcome.
C) Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the data.
D) Data will need to be collected in a real-world setting.
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11
Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design?
A) Data analysis is limited with a survey design.
B) Information collected is relatively superficial.
C) Results are never applicable beyond the study population.
D) More subjects are required to reach statistical significance than for other study designs.
Q2) Which type of study should be used when data are collected at only one point in time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Prospective
Q3) What type of research will assist a nurse researcher in focusing on the theory and development of measurement instruments?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Psychometrics
C) Methodology
D) Data management
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12
Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) What terms means a summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q2) ___ authors and contact person
Q3) The highest level of evidence is known to be provided by what?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Effect size
D) Integrative review
Q4) ___ abstract
Q5) ___ background of the question
Q6) ___ discussion
Q7) ___ references and tables
Q8) ___ results
Page 13
Q9) ___ search methods for finding studies
Q11) ___ type of studies reviewed
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) The primary characteristic of a probability sample is considered to be what?
A) Self-selection of subjects
B) Random selection of the sample
C) Subjects handpicked by the researcher
D) Representation of proportional segments of the population
Q2) A research consumer should evaluate sample size in a research report by doing what?
A) By asking how many assistants were involved in data collection
B) By asking how representative the sample is relative to the target population
C) By asking how great the outcome difference is between or among study groups
D) By asking how many previous studies the researcher has conducted on similar topics
Q3) What can a nurse researcher use to restrict the study population to homogeneous groups of subjects?
A) Sampling
B) Self-selection
C) Eligibility criteria
D) Defining study limitations
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15
Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) What factors might influence whether it is ethical to require an older adult to participate in a research study? (Select all that apply.)
A) The relevance of the research to issues important to older adults
B) The ethnic background of the potential participant
C) The age of the potential participant
D) The cognitive capacity of the potential participant
E) The degree of risk associated with the study
Q2) Which statement regarding informed consent is most accurate?
A) Informed consent needs to be sought only if the risks outweigh the benefits.
B) Informed consent is required if there are physical risks but not if there are psychological risks.
C) Researchers must obtain voluntary participation of subjects after informing them of possible risks and benefits.
D) A researcher is not obligated to seek informed consent if the details of the study could upset the subject and potentially affect the study outcome.
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16
Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) The nurse researcher informs subjects that he or she would like to include them in a research study and that they can refuse to participate through what?
A) Informed consent
B) Concealment with intervention
C) Unauthorized research
D) Concealment without intervention
Q2) Which data collection method would be most appropriate in studying bullying behavior in elementary school-aged girls?
A) An unstructured interview
B) Asking parents about their children's experience with bullying
C) Responses of the children on a paper-and-pencil bullying scale
D) Concealment of the researcher without intervention in children's behavior
Q3) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Are the data examined in such a way as to provide new information?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) A nurse researcher determines an instrument's homogeneity using which type of reliability?
A) Split-half reliability
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Interrater reliability
D) Alternate form reliability
Q2) The nurse researcher notes that the initial test for reliability of an instrument has been conducted on a sample that has different characteristics from those of the current study sample. The researcher should do what?
A) Conduct a pilot study on the current sample to determine whether reliability is maintained.
B) Use the instrument with the current sample because reliability holds across samples.
C) Use the Kuder-Richardson formula to recalculate the reliability coefficient.
D) Discard or reject the instrument.
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18
Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher is interested in describing the assignment of numbers to objects or events. This is best achieved in which way?
A) Through use of prediction
B) Through use of dispersion
C) Through use of variability
D) Through use of measurement
Q2) The nurse researcher is using the percentage of nurses holding various nursing degrees as a variable in a research study. Which type of statistics is most appropriate in this case?
A) Inferential statistics
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Nonparametric statistics
D) Mathematical statistics
Q3) The nurse researcher opts to use interval-level data. The researcher's primary concern will be what?
A) Categories must be mutually exclusive.
B) Intervals between data categories must be equal.
C) The rank of zero (0) represents the absence of the measured variable.
D) Variance between assigned categories is qualitative rather than quantitative.
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) A problem with the study's validity would be classified as what?
A) Unsupported data
B) Poor interpretation of results
C) Limitation
D) Lack of objectivity
Q2) Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q3) A researcher makes generalizations beyond the population being studied. This is known as what?
A) Accurate
B) Appropriate
C) Inappropriate
D) Supportable
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Page 20
Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "Is the format appropriate for use with this population?" Which data collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiologic measurement
B) Questionnaires
C) Available data records
D) Observation
Q2) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use, if any?"
Which data-collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiologic measurement
B) Questionnaires
C) Available data records
D) Observation
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) What order would be most appropriate for these statements involving development of a focused clinical question, progressing from lowest level to highest level?
A-What is the population of interest?
B-To what will this intervention be compared?
C-What is the intervention of interest?
D-How will the intervention make things better or worse?
A) A, B, C, D
B) D, C, B, A
C) D, B, C, A
D) A, C, B, D
Q2) The statistic a nurse researcher should choose to use in a meta-analysis is what?
A) Survival curve
B) Odds ratio
C) Measure of central tendency
D) Measure of dispersion
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) How is PICO [Patient/population/problem; Intervention/treatment; Comparison/intervention/treatment; Outcome(s)] used in EBP?
A) It is used to formulate the practice question.
B) It is used in evidence retrieval.
C) It is used to grade the evidence.
D) It is used to critique practice guidelines.
Q2) ___ use data to assist staff in modifying or integrating the evidence-based practice change
Q3) To determine the guiding steps involved in actualizing EBP, the researcher should expect to study the Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care in conjunction with what?
A) Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews
B) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
C) Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Model
D) The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)'s National Guideline Clearinghouse
Q4) ___ provide feedback of analyzed data to staff
Q5) ___ identify process and outcome variables of interest
Q6) ___ determine methods and frequency of data collection
Page 23
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) External drivers of quality improvement include what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Accreditation
B) Financial incentives
C) Performance measurement
D) Public reporting
Q2) Improved, consistent, and predictable results
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q3) What is a standardized survey and data collection method for measuring patients' perspectives on hospital care?
A) Physician Quality Reporting Initiative
B) Home Health Compare
C) The Leapfrog Group
D) Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
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