Introduction to Neuroscience
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Neuroscience provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles underlying the structure and function of the nervous system. Students will explore topics such as neural cell biology, neurophysiology, sensory and motor systems, neurodevelopment, and the brain mechanisms underlying cognition and behavior. Emphasis is placed on understanding how neurons communicate, the organization of neural circuits, and the biological basis of perception, learning, memory, and neurological disorders. This course combines lectures, discussions, and laboratory experiences to offer a solid foundation for further study in neuroscience and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Laura Freberg
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2682 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Federal ethical guidelines apply to
A)all research conducted in the United States.
B) projects and institutions receiving federal support only.
C) research using humans, but not animals.
D) research conducted by faculty, but not by students.
Answer: B
Q2) Matthew's parents are concerned about the possibility that he might have either a hearing loss or autism spectrum disorder,as he has not learned to speak and is not responsive to their efforts to speak to him.Which of the following technologies might assist Matthew's physician in making an accurate diagnosis?
A)analysis of evoked potentials
B) positron emission tomography (PET)
C) computerized tomography (CT)
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Answer: A
Q3) What does it mean to say when we say the heritability of a trait is 80 percent?
Answer: Heritability is the amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics.If the heritability of a trait is 80 percent,this means that 80 percent of the variability seen between two groups is likely to be due to genetics.
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Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)may be found in the
A)central and peripheral nervous systems.
B)peripheral nervous system only.
C)lateral and distal ventricles of the brain.
D)ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord.
Answer: C
Q2) The brainstem contains the
A)hindbrain only.
B)midbrain only.
C)hindbrain and midbrain.
D)hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
Answer: C
Q3) The "hills" of the cerebral cortex are known as
A)gyri.
B)sulci.
C)fissures.
D)ganglia.
Answer: A
Q4) What functions are primarily managed by the occipital lobe?
Answer: The occipital lobe is primarily involved with visual processing.
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Chapter 3: Neurophysiology: the Structure and Functions of the Cells
of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Channels that open when they come in contact with specific chemicals are known as
A)sodium-potassium pumps.
B)ligand-gated channels.
C)voltage-dependent channels.
D)phospholipids pumps.
Answer: B
Q2) In the resting neuron,potassium is pushed
A)out of the cell by diffusion and into the cell by electrical force.
B) out of the cell by electrical force and into the cell by diffusion.
C) out of the cell by both electrical force and diffusion.
D) into the cell by both electrical force and diffusion.
Answer: A
Q3) What role do neurons and astrocytes possibly share?
Answer: There is growing evidence that astrocytes may play a significant role in neural signaling in addition to their other duties.
Q4) Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dopaminergic receptor subtypes are
A)always fast ionotropic.
B)always slow metabotropic.
C)fast metabotropic in systems involved with reward, but slow ionotropic in systems involved with movement.
D)slow and fast metabotropic in systems involved with movement, but fast ionotropic in systems involved with reward.
Q2) Curare causes muscle paralysis by
A)interfering with the synthesis of ACh.
B)preventing the release of ACh.
C)blocking ACh receptors.
D)blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase.
Q3) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
A)acts on the precursors of acetylcholine (ACh) to produce the final form of the neurotransmitter.
B)breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic gap.
C)acts on acetylcholine (ACh) to produce choline.
D)acts on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) to produce acetylcholine (ACh).
Q4) How does alcohol produce its behavioral effects?
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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Q1) Which of the following statements about radial glia is true?
A)They degenerate when migration is complete.
B)They differentiate into astrocytes.
C)They retain the ability to produce daughter cells.
D)They differentiate into neurons.
Q2) Doctors recommend that those with phenylketonuria adhere to the dietary restrictions associated with this condition throughout their lifetimes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Disjunction of the 21st chromosome that can lead to Down syndrome has been found to be related to
A)paternal age.
B)maternal age.
C)multiple codon repeats on the X chromosome.
D)the inability to metabolize phenylalanine.
Q4) Describe what it means to be an imprinted gene.
Q5) Many researchers are concerned that the reported similarities among families that adopt children might distort the results of adoption studies that compare environmental and genetic influences. Why is this a valid concern?
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Chapter 6: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fusiform face area (FFA)is found within Area
A)MT.
B)MST.
C)V4.
D)IT.
Q2) Cortical modules described by Hubel and Wiesel contain
A)one set of ocular dominance columns, one hypercolumn, and four cytochrome oxidase blobs.
B)one set of ocular dominance columns, two hypercolumns, and eight cytochrome oxidase blobs.
C)two sets of ocular dominance columns, two hypercolumns, and 16 cytochrome oxidase blobs.
D)four sets of ocular dominance columns, four hypercolumns, and 16 cytochrome oxidase blobs.
Q3) The cell bodies of bipolar,amacrine,and horizontal cells are located in the _________ layer.
A)inner nuclear
B)outer nuclear
C)inner plexiform
D)outer plexiform
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Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Meissner's corpuscles feature small receptive fields and rapid adaptation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Danielle began taking violin lessons when she was only four years old,and she spends many hours practicing each week.When she volunteered to participate in an imaging study at her university,the researchers noticed that
A)Danielle had a smaller area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants.
B)Danielle had a larger area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants.
C)Danielle's frontal lobes were more active than other participants when music was played during the experiment.
D)Danielle appeared to experience phantom pain when she was asked to imagine having lost her fingers in an accident.
Q3) Identify the route taken by pain information from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex.Be sure to identify the structures and pathways labeled 1 through 7 in this image.
Q4) What is otosclerosis and how is it treated?
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Chapter 8: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) The structure indicated by the number 2 in this image is known as a(n)
A)extrafusal fiber.
B)Ia sensory fiber.
C)gamma motor fiber.
D)intrafusal fiber.
Q2) What is the function of striated muscles?
A)control blood pressure and move the eyes and lung
B)move nutrients through the digestive tract and move bones
C)control the heart and skeletal muscles
D)control blood pressure and move the heart
Q3) Ia sensory fibers are activated in response to
A)contraction of muscle fibers.
B)stretching of Golgi tendon organs.
C)stretching of muscle fibers.
D)input from Ib fibers.
Q4) Genetic abnormalities are probably most directly responsible for
A)muscular dystrophy and Huntington's disease.
B) polio and muscular dystrophy.
C) Huntington's disease and polio.
D) tetanus and polio.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Homeostasis and Motivation
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Q1) The process of activating and directing behavior designed toward a specific goal is known as
A)motivation.
B)homeostasis.
C)drive.
D)tension
Q2) Symptoms of untreated diabetes mellitus include
A)unexpected weight gains and excess urination.
B)weight loss, thirst, and excess urination.
C)unexpected weight gains and lack of thirst.
D)weight loss and failure to urinate normally.
Q3) What do baroreceptors measure?
A)blood pressure
B)intracellular fluid volume
C)sodium levels
D)interstitial fluid volume
Q4) Under normal circumstances,the only energy source for the brain is glucose.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the role of genetics in obesity?
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Physically,most men with a 47,XYY genotype are
A)unusually muscular.
B)lacking in male secondary sex characteristics.
C)shorter than normal.
D)unusually tall and lean and typically have severe acne.
Q2) Compared with the population of people who have typical sex chromosomes,Nielsen and Wohlert (1991)found that populations with sex chromosome abnormalities were associated with
A)no increases in criminal activity, mental disorders, or physical disorders.
B)significant increases in mental retardation.
C)significant increases in physical abnormalities.
D)significant increases in mental disorders.
Q3) Release of LH
A)promotes the maturation of follicles.
B)stimulates ovulation.
C)prepares the uterus to receive an embryo.
D)stimulates the development of the corpus luteum.
Q4) What is the relationship between birth order and sexual orientation in men?
Q5) What are the physical and cognitive effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)on females?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Metabolism rates are
A)positively correlated with the production of harmful free radicals.
B)negatively correlated with the need for nutrients
C)positively correlated with hours spent awake.
D)negatively correlated with the production of harmful free radicals.
Q2) Michael was prescribed a traditional antihistamine in order to treat his allergies after he had a bad reaction to more modern antihistamines.The traditional antihistamine was helpful in reducing his allergy symptoms,but he
A)suffered from serious insomnia.
B)had trouble staying awake in his classes.
C)became very depressed, and woke frequently throughout the night after restless dreams.
D)did not experience normal REM paralysis, and he hurt himself walking around his apartment in his sleep.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?
A)sleep-waking cycles
B)menstrual cycles
C)seasonal migration
D)mating seasons
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) In sensitization experiments,shocking the head or tail of Aplysia will result in a(n)
A)reduced gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
B)increased gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
C)absence of the gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch
D)gill-withdrawal reflex in response to head touch, but not siphon touch.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of an episodic memory?
A)what happened at your best childhood birthday party ever
B)the meaning of the word exculpatory.
C)the name of the first president of the United States
D)how to ride a bike
Q3) Which memories are easiest to demonstrate?
A)sensory
B)procedural
C)semantic and episodic
D)explicit
Q4) Summarize the sources of input to and output from the structures labeled number 2 in this illustration.
Q5) Describe the process outlined by Kandel by which classical conditioning occurs in Aplysia californica?
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Chapter 13: Hemispheric Asymmetry, language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Damage to Broca's area,Wernicke's area,and the arcuate fasciculus is known as
A)conduction aphasia.
B)transcortical sensory aphasia.
C)transcortical motor aphasia.
D)global aphasia.
Q2) The language model by Dronkers,Pinker,and Damasio proposes an implementation system composed of
A)Broca's area and Wernicke's area.
B)the basal ganglia and association cortex.
C)insular cortex and the basal ganglia.
D)Broca's area, Wernicke's area, insular cortex, and the basal ganglia.
Q3) Anomia refers to
A)poor comprehension.
B)poor production of speech.
C)difficulty reading and writing.
D)difficulty finding the correct word to express an idea.
Q4) Lateralization occurs in species other than human beings,suggesting that it provides some advantages for survival.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Emotion, reward, aggression, and Stress
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nucleus of the solitary tract is located in the A)medulla.
B)pons.
C)tectum.
D)tegmentum.
Q2) Children who are blind from birth
A)do not show normal emotional expression.
B)develop emotional expression faster than sighted infants.
C)develop emotional expression more slowly than sighted infants.
D)develop emotional expression at about the same time as sighted infants.
Q3) Some of the most powerful reinforcement effects are obtained through electrical stimulation of the
A)fornix.
B)medial forebrain bundle.
C)corpus callosum.
D)anterior commissure.
Q4) When receptors in the amygdala report high levels of cortisol,the amygdala inhibits further activity in the HPA axis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In addition to flulike symptoms,meningitis may cause
A)sudden onset focal seizures.
B)a characteristic "bulls-eye" rash.
C)a stiff neck and sensitivity to lights.
D)fatigue and joint pain.
Q2) Multiple sclerosis
A)affects more women than men.
B)affects more men than women, as it is a sex-linked condition.
C)affects equal numbers of men and women.
D)typically does not develop until after the age of 55 years.
Q3) Generalized seizures appear to involve circuits connecting the
A)thalamus and cerebral cortex.
B)temporal lobes.
C)hypothalamus and amygdala.
D)basal ganglia and the substantia nigra.
Q4) Seizures that involve a focal area and may be preceded by an aura are known as
A)partial seizures.
B)general seizures.
C)photosensitive seizures.
D)paroxysmal seizures.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about the types of trauma associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)is true?
A)Natural disasters are the most likely cause of PTSD, but PTSD also occurs as a result of combat, automobile accidents, and physical assaults.
B)Combat is virtually guaranteed to result in PTSD, which is why the disorder used to be known as "shell-shock."
C)Combat is a common trigger of PTSD, but PTSD also occurs as a result of natural disasters, automobile accidents, and physical assaults.
D)Combat rarely results in PTSD, but automobile accidents produce PTSD in a majority of survivors.
Q2) Some research suggests that bipolar disorder may involve some of the same genes as those responsible for
A)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B)schizophrenia.
C)obsessive compulsive disorder.
D)antisocial personality disorder.
Q3) What is the effect of autism spectrum disorder on brain development?
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