Introduction to Logic Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Introduction to Logic is a foundational course focused on the principles of correct reasoning. Students will explore the structure of arguments, methods of proof, and identification of logical fallacies. The course introduces key concepts such as logical connectives, propositional and predicate logic, syllogisms, and truth tables. Through problem-solving and analysis, students develop critical thinking skills essential for mathematics, philosophy, computer science, and daily reasoning. By the end of the course, participants will be equipped to understand, construct, and evaluate logical arguments and to apply formal reasoning techniques across various disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Critical Thinking 11th Edition by Brooke Noel Moore
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12 Chapters
1520 Verified Questions
1520 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Critical Thinking,anyway
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Determine whether the following passage is (or contains)an argument. "Today,there is strong evidence-not only in theory but in practice-that families who try to protect dying children from knowing they're dying rarely serve the child's best interests.This conspiracy of silence,however well-meaning,often puts nurses,relatives,and others who spend the most time with the patient,especially in their lonely moments,on the spot."
-Thomas Scully and Celia Scully,Playing God:The New World of Medical Choices
Answer: Argument.
Q2) Determine whether the following passage contains an argument and,if it does,identify that argument's final conclusion. "I seriously doubt many people want to connect up their TV to the Internet.For one thing,when people watch TV they don't want more information.For another thing,even if they did,they wouldn't be interested in having to do something to get it.They just want to sit back and let the TV tell them what's happening."
Answer: Argument.Conclusion: It is doubtful many people want to connect their TV to the Internet.
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3
Chapter 2: Two Kinds of Reasoning
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Analyze the argument passage below,addressing the following as appropriate:specify the issues addressed;identify premises and conclusions;classify as inductive or deductive;supply missing premises;separate arguments from window dressing;identify claims better left unstated.You may want to diagram the argument.Is there an unstated conclusion?
The competition employs a sliding mechanism.But a hinged door is lighter and easier to operate and ensures a better fit and seal with the body than a sliding mechanism,thus keeping the cabin's interior noise level to a minimum.And it allows for greater freedom in the shape of the vehicle.
-Adapted from Mazda truck product manager Bernie Chaisson,arguing that the new Mazda MPV's door setup is superior to that of Chrysler minivans.
Answer: Unstated conclusion: "A hinged door is better than a sliding door."
Q2) Sound arguments are deductive arguments that are _________.
Answer: valid
Q3) Arguments whose premises are intended to provide absolutely conclusive reasons for accepting the conclusion are _________.
Answer: deductive
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Clear Thinking,critical Thinking,and Clear Writing
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345 Verified Questions
345 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using what you learned in Chapter 3,write an essay explaining any difficulty in the following piece of reasoning: "Look,if one television set has one more line of resolution than another,you can't say the first is 'high-definition TV' and the second one is not.So whether a set has 900 lines or 901 can't make the difference.Neither can the difference between 1800 lines and 1801 lines.In fact,there's no place where you can identify exactly where definition becomes 'high.' So there's no point in talking about high definition,when you get down to it."
Answer: Answers will vary
Q2) Exercise:Find an example in a radio or television advertisement of a claim that is vague enough to add nothing new to a potential buyer's information.(These are easy to find-your instructor may require a number of them. )
Answer: One example of a vague claim in a television advertisement is "our product is the best." This claim does not provide any specific information about what makes the product the best or how it is better than other products on the market. It adds nothing new to a potential buyer's information and is simply a generic statement that does not offer any meaningful details.
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Chapter 4: Credibility
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) You should assume that the claims made by others are false unless you have some specific reason to believe otherwise.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Except when we have the means to record our observations immediately,they are no better than our memories happen to be.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a brief essay,discuss the news media as a source of information about current events.
Q4) Assess the following as probably true,as probably false,as requiring further documentation before judgment,or as a claim that cannot properly be evaluated.Consider both the nature of the claim and the source.
"In the history books,the personal-computer slump of 1985 will be a footnote compared to the Japanese assault on the American semiconductor industry." -Newsweek
Q5) In a brief essay,discuss the conditions under which it is reasonable to regard an eyewitness account as credible.
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Chapter 5: Rhetoric,the Art of Persuasion
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Isolate and discuss the rhetorical devices that appear in the following passage: Professor Jones,who normally confines his remarks to his own subject,ventured out on a high-wire to comment on the commission's findings.
Q2) Isolate and discuss the rhetorical devices that appear in the following passage: "[The CIA] instructed security forces in Uruguay,demonstrating torture techniques on beggars taken off the street.These activities,and many hundreds more like them,have been thoroughly documented by government investigations,by the press,and by the testimony of former CIA employees."
-Progressive Student Union
Q3) Isolate and discuss the rhetorical devices that appear in the following passage: Robert may be a pretty good gardener,all right,but you'll notice he lost nearly everything to the bugs this year.
Q4) Isolate and discuss the rhetorical devices that appear in the following passage: Miracle X-K3 battery additive extends the life of your battery up to five years.
Q5) Construct eight sentences,each illustrating a use of this slanter:misleading comparison.
Q6) Provide a critical assessment of the following comparative general claim: I'd much rather stay home and read a novel than go to a movie.
Q7) Construct eight sentences,each illustrating a use of this slanter:stereotype.
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Chapter 6: Relevance Red Herringfallacies
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163 Verified Questions
163 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify any fallacies in the following passage either by naming them or,where they seem not to conform to any of the patterns described in the text,by giving a brief explanation of why the fallacious reasoning is irrelevant to the point at issue. You can't trust the arguments you find in that magazine.It's well known as a right-wing apologist for the wealthy.
Q2) Identify any fallacies in the following passage either by naming them or,where they seem not to conform to any of the patterns described in the text,by giving a brief explanation of why the fallacious reasoning is irrelevant to the point at issue. "Sure,driving after you've been drinking can get you into trouble with the law,but if you're careful and stay in control I don't think there's anything wrong with it.What makes something like that wrong is endangering others;so as long as you haven't drunk enough to impair your control,you aren't doing anything wrong."
Q3) Identify any fallacies in the following passage.
"I hear jocks and fraternity types grumbling about the homework,but I expect more from you."
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Chapter 7: Induction Fallacies
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. "It was a mistake giving the Oscar to Daniel Day-Lewis.A survey the very next day showed more people thought Ben Affleck deserved it."
Q2) Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. Housing is far too expensive in this country.Why,the median price of a home in most of California is now over $350,000.
Q3) Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. "People who read a lot are less apt to suffer from dementia.So we recommend reading for all our older patients."
Q4) Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. first bicycle rider:How come when we coast downhill you always go so much faster than I?
second bicycle rider:Because I'm heavier.Heavier things fall faster. third bicycle rider:Wait a minute.I thought that was what Galileo proved wrong. second bicycle rider:C'mon! That's only common sense.Heavy things are bound to fall faster.Just look at how fast I coast-and I'm the heaviest.
Q5) Identify the type of fallacy in the following passage. "This antique dealer should know what's wrong with this old car of ours."
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Chapter 8: Formal Fallacies and Fallacies of Language
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage. Stockton has the lowest credit rating of any city in the region.My cousin lives in Stockton,so I'm betting his credit is down the tube.
Q2) Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage. For sure,if the test drive had gone well,Dwayne would have bought the car.But the test drive did not go very well,so he'll pass up the purchase.
Q3) To think that what holds true of a group automatically holds true of the individuals in the group is known as the fallacy of A)composition.
B)division.
C)accident.
D)hasty generalization.
Q4) Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage. The sign says "No individuals without identification may pass." So that must mean that all individuals with identification may pass,right?
Q5) Identify any formal fallacies or fallacies of language in the following passage. Oh-oh! The alarm went off! We must have a burglar.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Deductive Arguments I Categorical Logic
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism;then,determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism. Only those courses that are in the schedule will be offered.Among the courses that will not be offered is History 105,History of Europe.Therefore,History 105 is not in the schedule.
Q2) Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Lydia is the only person in our group who sold stock before the crash.
Q3) Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid. If you miss class,you fail the course,because you can't learn anything if you miss class.
Q4) Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Wherever there's smoke,there's fire.
Q5) Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:All the people I know who are named "Brooke" have birthdays in December.
Q6) Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Tricia's dog goes wherever she goes.
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Chapter 10: Deductive Arguments Ii Truth-Functional Logic
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85 Verified Questions
85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the following argument,assign truth values to the letters to show the argument's invalidity (there is only one such assignment).
(Q & S)\(\rarr\) (P v R)
T \(\rarr\) Q
~T v S/\(\therefore\) T \(\rarr\) R
Q2) Determine whether the following symbolized argument is valid or invalid.If invalid,provide a counterexample;if valid,construct a deduction.
(P \(\rarr\) T)& S
S \(\rarr\) T \(\rarr\) R)
~R/\(\therefore\) ~T
Q3) For the following argument,assign truth values to the letters to show the argument's invalidity (there is only one such assignment).
(Q & P)\(\rarr\) R
S \(\rarr\) ~R/\(\therefore\) S \(\rarr\) ~Q
Q4) For the following argument,assign truth values to the letters to show the argument's invalidity (there are only two such assignments).
(P & Q)\(\rarr\) (R v S)
P & Q/\(\therefore\) R & S
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Chapter 11: Inductive Reasoning
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170 Verified Questions
170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evaluate the following generalization(s),identifying sample,population,attribute of interest,and the extent to which the claims involved are knowable.Consider carefully the size and diversification of the sample and the extent to which the population differs or may differ from the sample;remember,what's important is that the sample be representative.
Stortz has heard from his friends that the folks in North Carolina are pretty friendly,so he looks forward to going through it on his bike trip to Florida.
Q2) Evaluate the following generalization(s),identifying sample,population,attribute of interest,and the extent to which the claims involved are knowable.Consider carefully the size and diversification of the sample and the extent to which the population differs or may differ from the sample;remember,what's important is that the sample be representative.
As part of his work for NASA,Dr.Murdock was asked to find out what percentage of Americans saw Halley's comet when it was last visible.He randomly selected three cities-Seattle,Cleveland,and Boston-and polled several hundred randomly selected individuals from these cities.His findings are that fewer than 5 percent of Americans saw the comet.
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Chapter 12: Moral,legal,and Aesthetic Reasoning
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value;or no value at all.
It is bothersome to be telephoned after 9:00 p.m.
Q2) For the following,try to come up with an additional premise that will turn the passage into a deductively valid or an inductively strong argument.Usually this requires adding a general moral principle and,sometimes,an extra nonmoral claim as well.The idea is to guarantee that the "ought" claim follows from the "is" claim. When Sarah bought the lawn mower from Jean,she promised to pay another fifty dollars on the first of the month.Since it's now the first,Sarah should pay Jean the money.
Q3) State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value;or no value at all.
The carpenter did an excellent job of remodeling the kitchen.
Q4) State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value;or no value at all.
Everybody should be as kind and generous as Janice.
Q5) State whether the following item expresses moral value or nonmoral value;or no value at all.
The regime in China is harshly repressive.
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