Introduction to Human Biology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Human Biology provides students with a foundational understanding of the structure and function of the human body. The course explores the major organ systems including circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and reproductive systems emphasizing how they work together to maintain homeostasis. Topics include cellular biology, genetics, human development, disease, and the basic principles of physiology and anatomy. By integrating scientific knowledge with practical examples, the course equips students to understand human health, wellness, and the implications of biological science in daily life.
Recommended Textbook
Human Biology 12th Edition by Sylvia Mader
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25 Chapters
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1495 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Exploring Life and Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following statements explains the atomic bomb and the benefit of nuclear physics to cancer therapy?
A) Science and technology are not risk free.
B) Science and technology are wrong.
C) Science and technology are good for mankind.
D) Science and technology are value-neutral.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following statements is an objective observation?
A) This milk tastes funny.
B) This package is larger than that one.
C) I like this picture.
D) This mattress feels hard to me.
E) I think I am going to be sick.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) An element cannot be broken down by chemical means.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Starch,cellulose,and glycogen are alike in that
A) they are all made of glucose.
B) they contain the same number of side chains.
C) they have the same types of bonds between the monomer units.
D) they are all found in animals.
E) they can all be digested by our bodies.
Answer: A
Q3) Which polysaccharide is branched the most?
A) cellulose
B) starch
C) glycogen
Answer: C
Q4) A hydrolysis reaction involves the loss of water.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) The light microscope has a resolving power of
A) 0.1 mm.
B) 0.01 mm.
C) 0.0001 mm.
D) 0.000001 mm.
E) 0.00000001 mm.
Answer: C
Q2) If you could remove all the phosphate in the cell,what would happen to the ATP cycle?
A) It would stop when all the ATP had been converted into ADP.
B) It would stop when all the ADP had been converted into ATP.
C) It would cycle faster because the lack of phosphate would drive the cycle.
D) It would cycle faster because of the buildup of ATP.
E) It would not affect the ATP cycle.
Answer: A
Q3) Archaea are considered the evolutionary precursors to eukaryotic cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following body parts is surrounded by a mucous membrane?
A) the lungs
B) the heart
C) the cavities of freely movable joints
D) tubes of the digestive system
E) the abdominal cavity
Q2) The three major components of connective tissue are
A) cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers.
B) cells, fat, and protein fibers.
C) cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.
D) cells, ground substance, and enzymes.
E) ground substance, enzymes, and protein fibers.
Q3) It is thought that President Abraham Lincoln suffered from a genetic disorder known as Marfan syndrome.Which type of fiber is affected in this disorder?
A) elastic fibers
B) reticular fibers
C) collagen fibers
D) hyaline fibers
E) ground fibers
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood
Vessels
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood leaves which chamber of the heart to enter the lungs?
A) right atrium
B) left atrium
C) right ventricle
D) left ventricle
Q2) In the pulmonary circuit,veins carry oxygen-____ blood,and in the systemic circuit,veins carry oxygen-_____ blood.
A) rich, rich
B) poor, poor
C) rich, poor
D) poor, rich
Q3) What is the function of valves in the veins?
A) increase the rate of blood flow
B) prevent the backward flow of blood
C) regulation of blood pressure
D) oxygenate the blood
E) remove debris from the blood
Q4) The walls of veins are thinner,so they cannot expand as greatly as arteries can.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Cardiovascular System: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) If your skin and the whites of your eyes appear yellow,what is not being excreted?
A) heme
B) globin chains
C) carbonic acid
D) carbon dioxide
E) biocarbonate ion
Q2) Agglutination refers to the
A) production of antibodies.
B) destruction of red blood cells.
C) development of platelets.
D) production of lymphocytes.
E) clumping of red blood cells.
Q3) Which of the following are actually cell fragments and not whole cells?
A) RBCs
B) WBCs
C) platelets
D) albumins
E) globulins
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Chapter 7: Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Sample Questions
Q1) In SCID,antibodies are missing but T cells function normally.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cytotoxic T cells contain what type of molecules that punch holes in the plasma membranes of potential pathogens?
A) steroid
B) interferon
C) antioxidant
D) complement
E) perforin
Q3) Certain complement proteins kill foreign microbes by
A) creating interferon.
B) causing them to burst.
C) inactivating their ribosomes.
D) agglutinating them.
E) destroying their nucleic acids.
Q4) Inflammation is normally a self-limiting process.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Digestive System and Nutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Today,physicians and dentists are concerned that gum disease is linked to
A) neurological disorders.
B) peritonitis.
C) vitamin deficiencies.
D) cardiovascular disease.
E) asthma.
Q2) The layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall from the inside layer outward in order are
A) submucosa, muscularis, mucosa, serosa.
B) serosa, submucosa, muscularis, mucosa.
C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
D) muscularis, serosa, mucosa, submucosa.
E) mucosa, muscularis, serosa, submucosa
Q3) All of the accessory organs of the digestive system send secretions to the small intestine.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do inspiration and expiration have in common?
A) They both use the same pathways.
B) The air travels in the same direction in both.
C) They both end in the lungs.
D) They both conduct air from the outside.
E) They both remove wastes from the tissues.
Q2) Humans inhale by negative pressure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Even if you quit smoking,the damage to your lungs is already done and they will not return to normal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most of the carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma as
A) carbonic anhydrase.
B) bicarbonate ion.
C) carbonic acid.
D) a gas, carbon dioxide.
E) reduced hemoglobin.
Q5) Can you hold your breath until you die?
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Chapter 10: Urinary System and Excretion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The renal pyramids are located within the renal pelvis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What effect does cellular respiration have on the pH of the blood?
A) It does not affect the pH.
B) It raises the pH.
C) It lowers the pH.
Q3) What is located within the glomerular capsule?
A) the renal cortex
B) the loop of Henle
C) several collecting ducts
D) a knot of capillaries
E) the peritubular capillary network
Q4) Why is the urine yellow?
A) A breakdown product of hemoglobin is yellow.
B) Urea is yellow.
C) Uric acid is yellow.
D) Creatinine is yellow.
E) Renin is yellow.
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Chapter 11: Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bones continue to grow throughout a lifetime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A ligament connects
A) cartilage to bone.
B) muscle to bone.
C) bone to bone.
Q3) Jason broke his finger playing football,while Sean tore the cartilage in his knee playing basketball.Which one will heal faster and why?
A) Jason, bones have a blood supply and heal faster
B) Jason, fingers bear less weight than knees do
C) Sean, cartilage has a blood supply and heal faster
D) Sean, knees can be immobilized easier than fingers
Q4) In bone the cells are called _________________ and in cartilage they are called ________________.
A) osteocytes, osteoblasts
B) lacunae, osteocytes
C) chondrocytes, lacunae
D) osteoblasts, chondrocytes
E) osteocytes, chondrocytes
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Chapter 12: Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the outside of a muscle coming in,the first thing encountered would be
A) fascia.
B) fascicle.
C) dense connective tissue.
D) muscle fiber.
E) myofibril.
Q2) Which of the following is not a source of ATP for muscle contraction?
A) ATP in the blood
B) ATP stored in the cell
C) the creatine phosphate pathway
D) fermentation
E) aerobic respiration
Q3) What is the deltoid muscle shaped like?
A) a long thin line
B) a square
C) a triangle
D) a circle
E) a trapezoid
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Chapter 13: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a part of the brain?
A) corpus callosum
B) central canal
C) cerebrum
D) cerebellum
E) pons
Q2) Which of the following is a neuromodulator?
A) substance P
B) GABA
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine
E) serotonin
Q3) What type of memory does language depend upon?
A) short-term
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) skill
Q4) The brain stem contains the midbrain,the pons,and the medulla oblongata.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Golgi tendon organs are a type of cutaneous receptor for touch.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The rod and cone cells are located within which layer of the eye?
A) sclera
B) choroid
C) retina
Q3) When you entered the room,there was a faint smell of smoke,but after about an hour,you no longer noticed the smell.What happened?
A) sensory reception
B) sensory adaptation
C) mechanoreception
D) nociception
E) thermoreception
Q4) The type of taste called umami allows us to enjoy what type of flavor?
A) sweet
B) savory
C) sour
D) salty
E) bitter
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Chapter 15: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where is the thymus gland located?
A) in the neck
B) in the brain
C) in the chest
D) near the ovaries/testes
E) on top of the kidneys
Q2) Which of the following is not involved in blood glucose homeostasis?
A) liver
B) muscle
C) adipose tissue
D) stomach
E) glucagon
Q3) A person with congenital hypothroidism will exhibit what symptoms?
A) myxedema
B) exopthalmic goiter
C) simple goiter
D) short and stocky, possible mental retardation
E) tetany
Q4) Are there any systems that the nervous and endocrine systems do not control?
Q5) Is it possible that a type 1 diabetic could be hypoglycemic?
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Chapter 16: Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) If fertilization occurs,the progesterone levels fall to almost zero.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following hormones is mismatched with its function?
A) GnRH--stimulates the anterior pituitary
B) Testosterone--brings about male secondary sexual characteristics
C) FSH--stimulates the hypothalamus
D) LH--controls the production of testosterone
E) Inhibin--blocks GnRH and FSH secretion
Q3) Which of the following parts of the female reproductive system is not present in pairs?
A) uterus
B) ovary
C) oviduct
Q4) The oviducts are not attached to the ovaries.
A)True
B)False
Q5) STDs caused by viruses can be effectively treated with antibiotics.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Development and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following occurs during the embryonic stage of development?
A) Chorion appears.
B) Nose, eyes, and ear become noticeable.
C) Testes descend into scrotum.
D) Heartbeat can be heard.
E) Fingernails appear.
Q2) Sheila is experiencing contractions every 15 to 20 minutes that last for 40 seconds or longer.Is she ready to give birth?
Q3) The first system in the body to become visibly differentiated during development is the
A) digestive system.
B) cardiovascular system.
C) respiratory system.
D) nervous system.
E) reproductive system.
Q4) Estrogen is responsible for the onset and continuation of labor.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a stage of mitosis?
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Q2) If there are 4 pairs of chromosomes,how many different combinations of chromosomes are possible?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 32
Q3) The product(s)of meiosis I in spermatogenesis is/are
A) primary spermatocytes.
B) secondary spermatocytes.
C) spermatids.
D) spermatazoa.
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Chapter 19: Cancer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both heredity and environmental risk factors come into play in the development of cancer.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Taxol is used to treat what type of cancer?
A) leukemia
B) lymphoma
C) testicular cancer
D) colon cancer
E) ovarian cancer
Q3) Ionizing radiation both causes cancer and can be used to treat cancer.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Currently most cancers are diagnosed before metastasis.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A carcinogen is not a mutagen.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a characteristic of an autosomal recessive disorder pedigree?
A) Heterozygotes have an affected phenotype.
B) Affected children can have unaffected parents.
C) Two affected parents will always have affected children.
D) Both males and females are affected with equal frequency.
E) Affected individuals with homozygous unaffected mates will have unaffected children.
Q2) How is familial hypercholesterolemia inherited?
A) autosomal recessive
B) autosomal dominant
C) incompletely dominant
D) codominant
E) sex-linked dominant
Q3) Which of the following genotypes is heterozygous?
A) Aa
B) Ab
C) aB
D) ab
E) aa
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Page 22
Chapter 21: DNA Biology and Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the sequence CGCAAUGCAAGGA is translated,the corresponding protein will be arginine-asparagine-alanine-arginine.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Place the following steps in order for the cloning of a gene.1.DNA ligase seals foreign DNA into a plasmid.2.A restriction enzyme is used to cleave DNA.3.The bacterium makes a product.4.Some of the bacterial cells take up a recombinant plasmid.5.The plasmid replicates on its own.
A) 2,1,4,5,3
B) 1,2,3,4,5
C) 3,1,2,4,5
D) 5,1,4,3,2
E) 1,3,2,4,5
Q3) The start codon for translation is a
A) UAG.
B) UAA.
C) AAA.
D) AUG.
E) AGU.
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Neandertals?
A) They had massive brow ridges.
B) They are considered H. sapiens.
C) The pubic bone was long compared to ours.
D) The brain size was larger than ours.
E) They were heavily muscled.
Q2) Does the spine of both a human and chimpanzee exit the skull in the same manner?
Q3) On what basis was life divided into three domains?
A) rRNA sequence data
B) cytochrome c sequence data
C) mitochondrial DNA sequence data
D) the presence or absence of a nucleus and organelles
Q4) Which term is used to include only the gorillas,chimpanzees,and humans and their closest extinct relatives?
A) anthropoid
B) hominid
C) hominine
D) hominin
E) homo
Q5) Are you likely to find abundant fossils of soft bodied animals like jellyfish?
Page 24
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Chapter 23: Global Ecology and Human Interferences
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Q1) What is the loss of water from plants called?
A) runoff
B) precipitation
C) evaporation
D) transpiration
E) transference
Q2) When water evaporates from the ocean,it leaves the salts behind.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What do autotrophs require in order to produce food for themselves and all the heterotrophs?
A) sunlight, inorganic nutrients
B) sunlight, organic nutrients
C) an energy source, water
D) an energy source, inorganic nutrients
E) heat, water
Q4) Which of the following biogeochemical cycles is a sedimentary cycle?
A) carbon
B) nitrogen
C) phosphorus
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Q1) The biggest problem in moving toward a sustainable society with the LDCs is overconsumption.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is considered a benefit of a dam?
A) electricity use
B) alter river flow
C) loss of water by evaporation
D) seepage into underlying rock beds
E) sediment buildup
Q3) Which of the following medicinal value pairings is mismatched?
A) rosy periwinkle--leukemia
B) armadillo--leprosy
C) viruses--antibiotics
D) fungus--penicillin
E) horseshoe crabs--limulus amoebocyte lysate
Q4) The more-developed countries have typically always had low population increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Infectious Diseases Supplement
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Q1) Streptococcus is now considered to be a reemerging pathogen.
A)True
B)False
Q2) SARS is thought to have arisen in China due to the consumption of civets.
A)True
B)False
Q3) HIV strains may differ by 10% within one person and by 35% in people across the globe.This is due to
A) both cellular and antibody-mediated responses.
B) the fact that HIV inserts its genome into the host genome.
C) HIV's high rate of mutation.
D) the fact that HIV targets T-cells.
E) the fact that most people do not die from HIV infection.
Q4) How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?
A) via airborne droplets
B) contaminated food or water
C) sexual intercourse
D) IV drug abuse
E) blood transfusions
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