Introduction to European History II Exam Review
Course Introduction
Introduction to European History II surveys the major social, political, economic, and cultural developments in Europe from the late eighteenth century to the contemporary era. Emphasizing critical events such as the French Revolution, the rise and fall of empires, world wars, the Cold War, and the process of European integration, the course explores how these events shaped modern European societies. Students will analyze primary and secondary sources to understand key historical themes, including nationalism, industrialization, colonialism, revolution, and the struggle for democracy, while considering the diverse experiences and perspectives within Europe during this transformative period.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization Volume II Since 1500 9th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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17 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Which of these reformers is most closely associated with the idea of predestination?
A)Thomas More
B)Ulrich Zwingli
C)Erasmus
D)Martin Luther
E)John Calvin
Answer: E
Q2) Ignatius Loyola was the author of Address to the Nobility of the German Nation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which statement best describes the Reformation in England under Henry VIII?
A)It was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.
B)It witnessed the complete transformation of Catholic doctrine.
C)It nearly ended with Thomas Cromwell's mishandling of the treasury.
D)It led to Parliament's formal leadership over the Church of England.
E)It was revoked by his son and successor, Edward V.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Europe and the World: New Encounters
1500-1800
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who produced a world map that was essential to European explorers in the late fifteenth century?
A)Aristotle
B)Prince Henry the Navigator
C)Ptolemy
D)Christopher Columbus
E)Hernán Cortés
Answer: C
Q2) What was the long-term impact of the introduction of potatoes from the America to Europe?
A)Inflation in Europe
B)Population decrease in Europe
C)Population increase in Europe
D)Deflation in Europe
E)Epidemics in Europe
Answer: C
Q3) By the middle of the seventeenth century, China was in steep decline.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) Which country became dominant in Europe following the Thirty Years' War?
A)Sweden
B)England
C)Germany
D)Spain
E)France Answer: E
Q2) Frederick William the Great Elector laid the foundations for the Austrian monarchy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What incident prompted the nobles to depose James II?
A)The marriage of James II to the Duchess of Orange
B)The death of his first wife
C)The birth of a Catholic son
D)A religious alliance with France
E)The economic collapse caused by the bursting of the "South Sea Bubble"
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Bach and Handel perfected the ____ musical style.
A)Baroque
B)classical
C)romantic
D)secular
E)Rococo
Q2) Mozart wrote his first opera at age
A)twelve.
B)eighteen.
C)six.
D)twenty-two.
E)thirty.
Q3) Montesquieu believed that democracy was always the best form of government.
A)True
B)False
Q4) After John Wesley's death, Methodism became an integral component of the Anglican Church.
A)True
B)False
Q5) To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?
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Chapter 5: The Eighteenth Century: European States
International Wars and Social Change
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Q1) Which group dominated the English House of Commons in the eighteenth century?
A)Aristocracy
B)Merchants
C)Landed gentry
D)Peasantry
E)Urban poor
Q2) What was the largest European city in terms of population by the eighteenth century?
A)Berlin
B)Paris
C)St.Petersburg
D)Amsterdam
E)London
Q3) Which state gained the most territory as a result of the three partitions of Poland?
A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)England
D)Russia
E)France
Page 7
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Chapter 6: A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) In April 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on
A)the peasantry.
B)counter-revolutionaries.
C)England.
D)Austria.
E)monarchies everywhere.
Q2) The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the near collapse of government finances.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How did Napoleon's Continental System try to defeat the British?
A)A massive invasion of Britain
B)Preventing British trade
C)Causing political unrest in Britain
D)Attacking the British colonies in North America
E)Isolating India from Britain
Q4) Many European intellectuals saw the American Revolution as the embodiment of the Enlightenment's political dreams.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Industrial Revolution
Q2) What factors contributed to the industrialization of the United States in the nineteenth century?
Q3) How did industrialization affect social life, city life, family life, and standards of living?
Q4) Who was Edwin Chadwick?
A)A leader in expressing the dislike of the middle class for the working poor
B)Author of the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages
C)Advocate of modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act
D)Representative of the new entrepreneurial, industrial class
E)Opponent any and all government involvement in economic and social issues
Q5) The ____ revolution helped produce the first Industrial Revolution in Britain.
A)diplomatic
B)American
C)French
D)agricultural
E)urban
Q6) How did the process of industrialization on the continent differ from the process of industrialization in Britain?
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Chapter 8: Reaction Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850
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Q1) How did economic factors shape the development of Latin America after the revolutions of the early nineteenth century?
Q2) Which of these groups supported the political philosophy of conservatism?
A)The urban middle classes
B)Landless farmers
C)The urban poor
D)Radical Protestants
E)Hereditary monarchies
Q3) Which statement best describes the state of the Italian peninsula following the Congress of Vienna?
A)It was entirely unified as a single country.
B)It remained divided into several states subject to the domination of other European powers.
C)It had been devastated by the last campaigns of Napoleon.
D)It had been completely annexed by Austria, a move confirmed by the Congress.
E)It sunk into complete anarchy and chaos.
Q4) What ideas and beliefs united the early socialists?
Q5) How did Britain avoid the political turmoil that rocked the Continent in the 1830s and 1840s?
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Chapter 9: An Age of Nationalism and Realism 1850-1871
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Q1) What was the subject of Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man?
A)It questioned the new evolutionary theories.
B)It proposed the first theory of genetic mutations.
C)It argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time.
D)It placed humans in the center of a rational universe.
E)It predicted the extinction of man and the rise of a new creation that would dominate nature.
Q2) What convinced Tsar Alexander II that reform was necessary?
A)Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War
B)A mutiny in the Russian navy
C)Socialist victories in the Russian Duma
D)Defeat in the Crimean War
E)Serious social upheaval in Russia
Q3) The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary had two monarchs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How would you explain Britain's relative political stability in the second half of the nineteenth century?
Q5) What were the causes and consequences of the Crimean War?
Page 11
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Q1) What occurred in a cartel?
A)A vertically integrated company worked to monopolize all business in its industry.
B)Independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas.
C)Independent associations of grocers cooperated to artificially drive down prices.
D)Private militias orchestrated intelligence gathering to diminish the police powers of modern nation states.
E)Dependent enterprises worked with an overseeing organization to lower tariffs.
Q2) Between 1895 and 1914, Europe as whole experienced A)mass unemployment.
B)slow and inconsistent economic growth.
C)a deep depression.
D)wild economic instability.
E)an economic boom.
Q3) The European population increased dramatically between 1850 and 1910.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: An Age of Modernity Anxiety and Imperialism
1894-1914
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Q1) The Triple Alliance before 1914 included which of the following countries?
A)England, Germany, and Italy
B)Russia, England, and France
C)Italy, Turkey, and England
D)Germany, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire
E)Germany, Austria, and Italy
Q2) Who won the Noble Peace Prize in 1905?
A)Amalie Sieveking
B)Emmeline Pankhurst
C)Bertha von Suttner
D)Maria Montessori
E)Clara Barton
Q3) Which institution's power was radically curtailed by David Lloyd George in order to implement the Liberal Party's social reform program?
A)The military
B)The Bank of England
C)The monarchy
D)The House of Commons
E)The House of Lords
Q4) What did nineteenth-century women's rights activists hope to achieve?
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Chapter 12: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century
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Q1) What was the name of the 1918 peace treaty between Russia and Germany?
A)Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
B)Treaty of Versailles
C)Treaty of Petrograd
D)Treaty of Germany-Russian Alliance
E)Treaty of Non-Aggression
Q2) Why did the Allies eventually prevail over the Central Powers?
Q3) German war plans called for a quick strike against Britain, followed by a second strike against France.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In your opinion, was the peace settlement at the end World War I a just and fair one? Why or why not?
Q5) What was the most important thing for Woodrow Wilson after the war?
A)Punishing Germany by requiring economic sanctions
B)Assuring a peace based on justice and reconciliation
C)Deepening America's isolationism from European affairs
D)Bringing about the disintegration of the Soviet Union
Page 14
E)Returning the defeated German Empire back to its pre-1866 borders
Q6) How did women's lives change during World War I?
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Page 15
Chapter 13: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) What did "Strength through Joy" achieve?
A)It was one of the most effective Nazi propaganda films.
B)It was Fascist Italy's most popular national recreation agency.
C)It monitored and homogenized the leisure time of the German workers.
D)It failed miserably in its attempts to draw German workers to vacation package tours.
E)It was Spain's Franco's attempt to emulate the popular propaganda movements of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
Q2) Who were the squadristi?
A)Mussolini's closest advisors
B)Armed bands of fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies
C)Elite soldiers of the Fascist state
D)Officers in the Italian military
E)Military opponents of Mussolini
Q3) How did Hitler bring Germany out of the Depression?
A)By staging mass rallies
B)By printing money
C)By launching rearmament and public works programs
D)By implementing price controls
E)By nationalizing key industries
Page 16
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Chapter 14: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War 2
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Q1) The United States dropped atomic bombs on which two Japanese cities?
A)Osaka and Kyoto
B)Kyoto and Tokyo
C)Hiroshima and Nagasaki
D)Osaka and Kobe
E)Nagoya and Yokohama
Q2) What best describes Hitler's invasion and occupation of Poland in 1939?
A)He did it despite interference by the Soviet Union.
B)He invaded and occupied Poland after a long protracted struggle that cost Germany dearly.
C)He occupied Poland after the country requested a restructured government.
D)He used Blitzkrieg or "lightning war" tactics and had the active support of Joseph Stalin.
E)He carried it out peacefully, with the reluctant acquiescence of Britain and France.
Q3) What was the "Final Solution"? How was it carried out?
Q4) After Germany invaded Poland, the British sent a delegation to negotiate a settlement with Hitler.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter
15: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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Q1) How did Truman and his Western European allies respond to Stalin's blockade of Berlin in 1948?
A)Building the Berlin Wall
B)Airlifting supplies into Berlin
C)Bombing Moscow
D)Sending a UN force to reopen the access routes
E)Threatening nuclear war
Q2) What best applies to the philosophical doctrine of existentialism?
A)It was dominant in the universities of Great Britain and the United States.
B)It concentrated on logic and a theory of knowledge.
C)It was totally at odds with the confidence and prosperity of the post-war world.
D)It was best expressed in the works of French writers Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre.
E)It exemplified the spiritualism of the "Age of Aquarius."
Q3) Why did American policy makers feel it necessary to intervene militarily in Korea?
Q4) In your opinion, which side bore the most responsibility for the start of the Cold War? Why?
Q5) What was the Truman Doctrine? How did it shape U.S. foreign policy?
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Chapter 16: Protest and Stagnation: the Western World
1965-1985
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Q1) The "golden age of rock" refers to
A)the 1980s.
B)the advent of MTV.
C)the 1950s and 1960s.
D)the creative flowering of music from 1967-1973.
E)the end of the disco era.
Q2) Which of these modern technologies was actually created during World War II?
A)Latex
B)The computer
C)Chemical fertilizer
D)The microwave
E)The radio
Q3) What is true about the Solidarity movement in Poland?
A)It was temporarily crushed by General Lech Walesa in 1981.
B)It failed to gain massive support due to stiff opposition from the conservative Catholic church.
C)It was formed by Wladyslaw Gomulka in 1956.
D)It lacked solidarity and quickly disintegrated and disappeared in 1980.
E)It was outlawed in 1981 and its leaders arrested.
Q4) What led to the post-World War II feminist movement? What were its goals?
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Chapter 17: After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) What major economic challenges have plagued the West from the 1980s through the early twenty-first century?
Q2) Who was the Russian president after Boris Yeltsin?
A)Mikhail Gorbachev
B)Vladimir Putin
C)Nikita Khrushchev
D)Dmitry Medvedev
E)Gary Kasparov
Q3) With the world increasingly inter-connected via transportation and communication networks, does the name "Western Civilization" still make sense?
Q4) One of the major challenges of globalization has been
A)trade imbalances.
B)food shortages.
C)increased growth of an underclass.
D)the widening gap between rich and poor nations.
E)the increased spread of harmful diseases.
Q5) Is the world facing a "clash of civilizations" in the near future? Why and/or why not?
Page 20
Q6) Is capitalism the dominant force on the planet today? Why or why not?
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