Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Cultural Anthropology explores the diverse ways in which humans perceive, interact with, and shape their social worlds. Through an examination of cultures around the globe, this course introduces students to foundational concepts such as culture, kinship, language, belief systems, economic practices, and social organization. Students will analyze how cultural patterns influence individual and collective behavior, consider anthropological methods of research and fieldwork, and reflect on issues of cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, and globalization. By engaging with ethnographic case studies and critical readings, the course fosters a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity and encourages thoughtful discussion of contemporary cultural challenges.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) Understanding miscommunications between men and women resulting from their differing use of language would demand a close examination of the cultural context of language. This would be the work of what type of anthropologist?
A) physical anthropologist
B) sociolinguist
C) historic linguist
D) descriptive linguist
Answer: B
Q2) What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
A) tool use
B) an opposable thumb
C) bipedal locomotion
D) language
Answer: D
Q3) Archaeology, the study of cultures in the human past, focuses on what?
A) how humans adapted biologically to their environments
B) the fossil record and genetic evidence
C) any human material remains
D) only human burial sites
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Margaret Mead's fieldwork in Samoa was controversial in part because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sexual behavior to be a matter of
A) stratification
B) enculturation
C) unilineal culture evolution
D) structural functionalism
Answer: B
Q2) Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action itself. It also has deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this important theoretical idea help promote?
A) Cultures arise from different causes, not uniform processes.
B) Symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures.
C) Balinese culture holds the key to how we might understand all other cultures.
D) Enculturation shapes sexual behavior.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) What perspective do anthropologists use in their ethnographies when they want to take a zoomed-out approach to describing the culture they work with in order to make comparisons and larger analyses?
A) etic
B) polyvocal
C) thick description
D) emic
Answer: A
Q2) Describe the state of anthropology at the end of the nineteenth century. What was it primarily focused on? How did this focus change to include fieldwork and ethnography? Describe at least two anthropologists who were responsible for the field's shift to an emphasis on fieldwork and the strategies they used. What do you think are some of their most lasting contributions to anthropology?
Answer: Anthropology shifted from "armchair anthropology" and unilineal evolution to an emphasis on in-depth fieldwork and ethnography as a way to professionalize their field. Malinowski and Evans-Pritchard, in particular, innovated much of the fieldwork strategies we use today, including the importance of participant observation, learning the local language, and studying the "imponderabilia" of everyday life.
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Chapter 4: Language
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Q1) What did anthropologist Laura Bohannan discover in her attempt to translate a classic text from English literature into Tiv?
A) There is an underlying universal appreciation of grammar that all humans share.
B) It is important to translate stories across different languages once you are fluent so that they can be shared.
C) An accurate translation of Shakespeare is best accomplished through sign language.
D) The meaning of the story became lost, as the original meanings of the English words could not be easily translated.
Q2) Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that the languages spoken in Europe-such as Latin, English, German, and Greek-are derived from an earlier language, which is called ________.
A) Proto-Indo-European
B) Pre-Modern European
C) Pan Archaic European
D) Proto-Germanic
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Chapter 5: Race and Racism
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Q1) What example does Jonathan Marks use as a useful way to consider the inherent problem of racially dividing people?
A) Doctors sorting according to brain size.
B) Children sorting according to block size.
C) Anthropologists sorting according to height.
D) Coaches sorting according to athletic prowess.
Q2) What do we call a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal?
A) white supremacy
B) racialization
C) nativism
D) racial ideology
Q3) Despite the initial racist attitudes directed toward Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants, these groups eventually "became white" through:
A) greater accuracy in the census.
B) intermarriage and upward mobility.
C) the elimination of ethnic categories.
D) legal changes.
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Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) Since the 1600s, there has been an influx of many different nationalities into the United States. What do many of today's immigrants experience after they gain entry?
A) assimilation
B) origin myths
C) citizenship
D) nationalism
Q2) Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.
Q3) The text describes the way that immigrants from India have established their own cultural norms within New York City. The way the Indian community has chosen to celebrate its ethnicity by holding a large India Day festival is an example of what aspect of ethnicity?
A) ethnic cleansing
B) ethnic boundary marking
C) national boundary making
D) situational negotiation of identity
Q4) Explain why England is called the "90-minute nation," and why it has become a point of contention for people who identify as English. What key concept(s) from the text does this represent?
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Chapter 7: Gender
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Q1) What is the growing field, particularly within anthropology, that focuses on research into masculinity and femininity as cultural constructs?
A) gender studies
B) cultural anthropology
C) sexuality
D) biology
Q2) What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems?
A) gender
B) sex
C) chromosomes
D) dimorphism
Q3) The unequal distribution of power, prestige and responsibility between men and women in the U.S. military, even as policies change to attempt to be more inclusive, are a prime example of what?
A) gender stereotypes
B) gender roles
C) gender stratification
D) politics of gender
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Chapter 8: Sexuality
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Q1) In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that men who have sex with other men use a special "code word" to describe themselves. What is that word?
A) mati
B) 'yan daudu
C) masu harka
D) machista
Q2) Which term describes people whose sexual attraction to others can include both sexes?
A) bisexual
B) transgender
C) homosexual
D) Two-Spirits
Q3) Roger Lancaster found that in Nicaragua, men who received anal intercourse were stigmatized while men who penetrated other men during anal intercourse were still considered properly masculine. What does this reveal about the concept of machismo?
A) Machismo has nothing to do with sexuality.
B) Only heterosexual men can fulfill the ideals of machismo.
C) Machismo stigmatizes every type of homosexual behavior.
D) Machismo creates a strong contrast between aggression and passivity.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) Arranged marriages that are orchestrated by the families of the bride and groom are common in many cultural groups in Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East, and Africa. Although arranged marriage is not the primary form of marriage in the United States, it does exist. Anthropologists would argue that arranged marriages actually do occur more frequently when marriages that are arranged in subtle and implicit ways are considered. What are three examples of subtle, arranged marriages that occur in the United States that may not necessarily be overtly called "arranged marriages"? Why do you think these types of marriages occur? How do these types of marriage compare to companionate marriages?
Q2) Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one man to two or more women?
A) polyandry
B) monogamy
C) polyamory
D) polygyny
Q3) Anthropologists argue that kinship is one of several ways in which individuals form groups. Name and describe three other ways in which humans form groups. Does kinship influence how these other groups are formed? Why or why not?
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Chapter 10: Class and Inequality
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Q1) A young man decides to take an art history class, a topic in which he has been interested ever since his parents began taking him to museums when he was a child. He believes that art appreciation and knowledge are good qualities to have. What is the term Pierre Bourdieu coined to describe this young man's attitudes about classic art?
A) bourgeoisie
B) habitus
C) social mobility
D) social reproduction
Q2) Although the United States is one of the wealthiest nations in the world, poverty continues to be a societal issue. What are two key theories that developed in the social sciences to identify the roots of poverty in the United States? How do these theories differ and what do they have in common?
Q3) The Ju/Hoansi of the Kalihari are:
A) ranked.
B) egalitarian.
C) hierarchical.
D) stratified.
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Chapter 11: The Global Economy
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Q1) Your dream is to live in Paris. Unfortunately, you do not speak French or have a work visa, so you can only stay 90 days or until you run out of money, whichever comes first. Your language and immigration status are examples of A) pushes.
B) bridges.
C) pulls.
D) barriers.
Q2) As a child, you may have received a small allowance-a bit of money on a somewhat regular occasion that you could use as you wished. This typically comes from a parent who also works at a regular job to support the family? What would an anthropologist call this?
A) generalized reciprocity
B) redistribution
C) balanced reciprocity
D) gifting
Q3) Define the term commodity chain. Describe the links in a global commodity chain that originates in Côte d'Ivoire. Give at least 3 examples of how the recent history of this former colony illustrates the complex dynamics of the global economy.
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Chapter 12: Politics and Power
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Q1) The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?
A) tribe
B) state
C) band
D) chiefdom
Q2) In 1989, millions of Chinese stood up to their government in the Tiananmen Square protests. These protests, unfortunately, resulted in martial law and possibly the deaths of numerous Chinese citizens. What would an anthropologist suggest about what the Tiananmen Square protestors were doing?
A) exercising their agency
B) instigating militarization
C) expressing their individuality
D) exercising their power
Q3) What is agency? Give two examples of people or groups that have exerted their agency.
Q4) Compare and contrast the concept of power, in general, with state power, and give an example of each.
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Chapter 13: Religion
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Q1) What did anthropologist George Gmelch note about baseball as an activity?
A) It was rife with Christian worship.
B) It was rife with skeptics.
C) It was rife with magic.
D) It was rife with religious tenets.
Q2) Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?
A) religion
B) rites
C) rituals
D) pilgrimages
Q3) What did German political philosopher Karl Marx mean when he called religion "the opiate of the masses"? According to Marx, what purpose or purposes does religion serve in society? How is religion related to the economic reality and class struggle found within a society? Do you agree with Marx's arguments and ideas regarding the purpose of religion in society? Why or why not?
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Chapter 14: Health, Illness, and the Body
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Q1) According to the text, Mayan women of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula typically gave birth in a hammock. What else usually happened during the birth event?
A) Doctors and nurses carefully monitored the progress.
B) Midwives monitored the progress.
C) Family life continued as it usually did.
D) Midwives ensured that family members were not present to disturb the mother.
Q2) The prevalence of HIV/AIDS across the globe has evoked varied health care responses. For example, in Thailand, where it is accepted that HIV/AIDS occurs among all segments of a population, a successful program stemmed its spread; however, in other countries, a mixture of denial that HIV/AIDS is a problem for all segments of society and deeply internalized homophobia have resulted in disastrous treatment plans and increased rates of transmission. How would you use anthropological approaches to design an effective local HIV/AIDS prevention program? In your answer describe at least 3 aspects of the larger problem that you would tackle and the approaches or methods you would take to solve them. You may draw on the cases discussed in the text.
Q3) Describe three ways that the care provided by Tibetan Buddhist healers has changed during the past thirty years due to the processes of globalization and Westernization.
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Chapter 15: Art and Media
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Q1) Early anthropologists played an important role in the acquisition of art that came from Oceania, Africa, and Latin America. What was it referred to at that time?
A) high
B) native
C) primitive
D) ethnographic
Q2) What does the analysis of European Paleolithic cave art indicate?
A) These designs were painted by one individual.
B) There were no burials associated with the paintings.
C) The paintings depicted an equal number of humans and animals.
D) The paintings were modified over a 20,000-year period.
Q3) Art in Western traditions is often associated with notions of what kind of culture?
A) popular
B) tourist
C) high
D) authentic
Q4) Consider the global trade of West African "wood" and "mud" artwork. Are these objects "authentic"?
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