Introduction to Criminology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology explores the study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. This course examines foundational criminological theories, the social and psychological factors influencing criminal activity, and the roles of various institutions in addressing crime. Students will analyze patterns of crime, the impact of social class, race, and gender, and evaluate policy responses to criminal behavior. Through real-world case studies and contemporary examples, learners gain a broad understanding of the complexities of crime and societys efforts to prevent and control it.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Q1) The social _______ perspective holds that crime manifests from underlying social issues such as poverty, discrimination, and pervasive family violence.
A) scientific
B) responsibility
C) deviance
D) problems
Answer: D
Q2) A situation in which someone starts a fight but ends up being severely beaten is an example of victim ___________.
Answer: precipitation
Q3) Because crime is a social event, it can have more than one interpretation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The sociological perspective considers crime to be a(n) __________ act.
Answer: antisocial
Q5) An innocent victim killed outside his/her home by random gunfire from a drive-by shooting is a __________ participant in the crime.
Answer: passive
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) Because research subjects generally do not know that they are being studied, secondary analysis is said to be __________.
Answer: nonreactive
Q2) You are conducting a simple one-group pretest-posttest research design in a police department and between the pretest and posttest, the chief of police resigns. This event may produce a confounding effect.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is not a scientific endeavor?
A) Investigating the relationship between facts that have been gathered
B) Building a database of information
C) Investigating paranormal phenomena
D) Interrogating witnesses at a crime scene
Answer: D
Q4) Properly selected control groups help criminology researchers eliminate threats to
Answer: internal validity
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Q1) Positivist criminology was based on soft determinism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The statement that offenders deserve punishment because of the choices they make is typical of the _________ model.
Answer: justice
Q3) The Enlightenment emphasized ________ as the basic determinant of behavior
Answer: free will
Q4) Which of the following crime prevention techniques would best meet the objective of reducing the rewards of crime?
A) Closing residential streets to reduce offender access to homes
B) Starting a neighborhood watch program to increase informal surveillance
C) Engraving identification codes on personal property to facilitate the identification of stolen property
D) Limiting access to alcohol and drugs
Answer: C
Q5) According to Classical School principles, law violators are deterred by ________
Answer: punishment
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Biological theories tend to focus on _________ as the major determinant in controlling human behavior.
A) the brain
B) chromosomal makeup
C) hormones
D) the environment
Q2) Recent research suggests that there is no relationship between the XYY chromosomal pattern and excessive violent behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The _________ hypothesis explained female criminality.
Q4) Santa Claus is typical of which of William Sheldon's body types?
A) Ectomorphs
B) Mesomorphs
C) Endomorphs
D) Balanced type
Q5) Contemporary biosocial theorists see the interaction between an organism and the _________ as a key determining factor in behavior.
Q6) __________ involves classifying individuals according to body type.
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Q1) The relationship between temperature and crime is influenced by time of day.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are some of the various attempts to explain the gender ratio problem? How do biosocial criminologists address this issue? What factors need to be addressed when studying crime and gender?
Q3) Once inherited, criminal genes inevitably produce antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Childhood maltreatment appears to be a universal risk factor for antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _________ selection is a form of natural selection that influences an individual's ability to find or choose a mate.
Q6) The myth of the __________ holds that human nature is essentially good.
A) blank slate
B) noble savage
C) ghost in the machine
D) epigenesis
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) According to psychological theories, the primary unit of analysis is the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hervey Cleckley described the __________ as a "moral idiot."
Q3) Research suggests intensive treatment may reduce recidivism among juvenile psychopaths
A)True
B)False
Q4) Offenders adjudicated "guilty but mentally ill" generally are sent directly to prison to serve their sentence.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the two major ideas that characterized early psychological theories? How do these apply to criminology today?
Q6) __________ theory involves the study of human perceptions and decision making.
A) Cognitive information-processing
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Social cognition
D) Behavior Page 8
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociological theories use a(n) __________ perspective, stressing types of behavior likely to be exhibited by group members.
Q2) Matza described drift as hard determinism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Merton, poverty and the resulting limitation of opportunity are sufficient to induce a conspicuously high rate of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A wealthy and socially privileged individual may still experience relative deprivation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Social __________ refers to institutional arrangements within society's institutions
A) structure
B) life
C) process
D) pathology
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Q1) What does labeling theory tell us about the individual in relation to the justice system? Explain with examples.
Q2) ___________ offenders are led to offending mainly by structural disadvantages and tend to mature out of crime.
Q3) Burgess and Akers added the concept of __________ to Sutherland's original idea of differential association.
Q4) Listing the names of drunk drivers on a billboard facing a freeway is an example of ________ shaming.
A) reintegrative
B) diversionary
C) restorative
D) stigmatic
Q5) According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is A) inherited.
B) learned.
C) a function of culture conflict.
D) psychologically motivated.
Q6) Bullying as a first step to delinquency occurs on the _________ pathway.
Q7) What contributions has labeling theory made to criminology?
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ perspective holds that although different viewpoints exist, most individuals agree on the usefulness of the law as a formal means of dispute resolution.
A) consensus
B) radical
C) conflict
D) pluralist
Q2) __________criminology is a body of writings by convicted felons.
Q3) Explain the differences between retributive and restorative justice. Identify some problems that may arise as the result of a shift to a restorative justice model.
Q4) The gender gap in crime refers to the differential treatment of men and women by the criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Karl Marx believed that the natural outcome of the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie would be the overthrow of a communistic social order.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which factor contributed to a dramatic increase in crime in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s?
A) The baby boom
B) Generation X
C) The Depression
D) President Johnson's War on Poverty
Q2) Which of the following crime victims would not be included in the sample of individuals surveyed for the NCVS?
A) A 10-year old boy who was beaten up and whose bicycle was stolen
B) A 14-year-old girl who was sexually assaulted by a neighbor
C) A 20-year-old college student whose car was stolen
D) A 75-year-old man whose computer was stolen during a home burglary
Q3) Stranger violence causes more distress for victims than intimate personal violence. A)True
B)False
Q4) Victimization is not evenly distributed across space and time.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ____________ refers to the origin or cause of victimization.
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among adults, acquaintance rape usually occurs
A) among married couples.
B) among individuals who are cohabitating but who are not married.
C) in the context of a dating relationship.
D) between individuals who do not know each other.
Q2) Aside from rape, __________ is the most gender differentiated serious crime in the U.S.
Q3) __________ involves the use of electronic communication to harass individuals.
Q4) Which of the following was not one of the main ways in which the old UCR definition of rape was biased?
A) It did not allow for rapes by male offenders
B) It did not count nonvaginal sexual assault as rape
C) It did not allow for the rape of male victims
D) It did not count rapes that omitted direct physical force
Q5) The majority of robbers are
A) specialists.
B) pedophiles.
C) generalists.
D) regressed
Q6) __________ homicides are generally motivated by interpersonal hostility.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Q1) A(n) ___________ receiver is most likely to be used by high-level burglars.
A) professional
B) avocational
C) amateur
D) episodic
Q2) The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is A) profit.
B) fun.
C) to meet a long-term need for transportation.
D) to meet an immediate need for transportation.
Q3) The use of a fence is the most common method of disposing of stolen goods for most thieves.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Alfred Blumstein, property offenders are most committed to a criminal career during the stable phase.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Removing air bags, radios, seats, and other parts from a stolen car is known as
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of corporate fraud?
A) Insider trading
B) Ponzi schemes
C) Advance-fee fraud
D) Equity skimming
Q2) Asset forfeiture under RICO allows federal officials to seize the proceeds of those involved in _________.
Q3) Securities fraud is a form of equity trading based on confidential information that could affect the value of stocks being traded.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The replacement of Jewish and Irish gangs by Italian immigrants is an example of ________.
Q5) Victim of ___________ are contacted regarding substantial sums of money held in foreign accounts that are supposedly owed to them, or are asked to act as U.S. agents to secure the release of funds to the U.S.
Q6) The __________ Act of 1933 is often referred to as the "truth in securities" law.
Q7) Identify the five types of activities that may qualify as organized crime
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are designer drugs?
Q2) The most commonly used illicit drug is
A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) inhalants.
D) marijuana.
Q3) What has the U.S. Department of Justice told federal prosecutors to do regarding enforcing the Controlled Substances Act in Colorado and other jurisdictions that have legalized recreational marijuana?
A) Strongly enforce the Act in all cases, on the grounds that federal Acts supersede state statutes
B) Enforce the Act in cases where it is openly violated but ignore the use of marijuana in private
C) Develop new anti-drug programs focusing on marijuana users
D) Take a hands-off approach to enforcing the Act in those jurisdictions
Q4) The view of prostitution as morally and ethically wrong is an argument used against the legalization of prostitution.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the case of __________, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down several provisions of the Communications Decency Act.
A) Frye v. U.S.
B) Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
C) Buck v. Bell
D) Reno v. ACLU
Q2) According to the 1994 federal DNA Identification Act, the FBI is authorized to establish DNA indexes for all but which of the following categories?
A) Samples recovered from unidentified human remains
B) Samples recovered from crime scenes
C) Offenders convicted of crimes
D) Offenders charged with crimes
Q3) A(n) __________ records the activities of computer operators surrounding each event in a transaction.
A) expert systems analysis.
B) data encryption.
C) threat analysis
D) audit trail
Q4) Illegally copying software programs is known as __________.
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) ____________terrorists are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all established forms of government.
A) Right-wing
B) Anarchist
C) Nationalist
D) Left-wing
Q2) Which organization has pledged to work with the President and law enforcement to ensure that civil liberties in the U.S. are not eroded as a result of the USA PATRIOT Act?
A) The U.S. Supreme Court
B) The ACLU
C) The Department of Homeland Security
D) The 9/11 Commission
Q3) Ethnocentrism involves
A) comparing crime rates in different countries and cultures.
B) culture-centeredness.
C) human smuggling.
D) trafficking in persons.
Q4) The State Department has the authority to designate selected foreign governments as __________ of international terrorism
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