Introduction to Cognitive Science Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Cognitive Science explores the interdisciplinary study of the mind and intelligence, integrating perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and anthropology. This course examines how cognitive processes such as perception, memory, language, reasoning, and learning are represented and implemented in both biological and artificial systems. Students will gain an understanding of foundational theories and methods in cognitive science, analyze classic and contemporary research, and consider real-world applications, such as artificial intelligence and cognitive modeling, to develop a comprehensive view of how humans and machines process information.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology 6th Edition by
Robert J. Sternberg
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12 Chapters
1207 Verified Questions
1207 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Yaun participated in an experiment in which he saw various stimuli on a computer screen.After the experiment,Yaun was to provide feedback about what he thought was going on cognitively.This would be an example of A)naturalistic observation.
B)individual observation.
C)case study.
D)self-report.
Answer: D
Q2) Rationalism is to ____ as empiricism is to ____.
A)empirical evidence;theory
B)theory;empirical evidence
C)manipulation;measure
D)hypothesis;theory
Answer: B
Q3) Psychology is sometimes viewed as a merging of A)philosophy and monism.
B)rationalism and physiology.
C)physiology and empiricism.
D)philosophy and physiology.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kent has been living on the street and using heroin for at least 5 years.It is likely he has
A)acute toxicity
B)chronic toxicity
C)few neurotransmitters
D)an overactive amygdala
Answer: B
Q2) This technique has been used for centuries in which researchers document the behaviors of individuals thought to have brain damage and then after the person dies,they examine the brain for lesions.
A)postmortem studies
B)in vivo techniques
C)ipsilateral transmission
D)brain damage analysis (BDA)
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the "face positivity" effect in older participants?
A)They are better able to recognize faces that are not distorted.
B)They are better able to recognize faces that are of the same race.
C)They are better able to recognize faces that show a happy emotion.
D)They are better able to recognize faces that are the same age as us.
Answer: C
Q2) This hypothesis suggests that there are two distinct visual pathways in the brain;one pathway is important for the location of the object in space and the other is for identifying the object.
A)Object Identity/Object Location
B)Object Identity/Object Position
C)What/How
D)What/Where
Answer: D
Q3) These cues about depth are based upon the information received from both eyes.
A)object-centered representation
B)monocular depth cues
C)perceptual constancies
D)binocular depth cues
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Attention and Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) This theory characterizes our ability to detect a signal as one of four possible outcomes involving either detection or no detection and presence or absence of the stimuli.
A)signal-detection theory
B)change blindness
C)attentional-resource
D)attentional integration theory
Q2) Splitting your attentional resources between two or more different task is called
A)selective attention.
B)feature search.
C)divided attention.
D)signal detection theory.
Q3) This brain structure appears to be important in the regulation of vigilance.
A)frontal lobe
B)occipital cortex
C)amygdala
D)pons
Q4) Describe the relationship between attention and consciousness.
Q5) Describe Neisser's theory concerning the two processes that govern attention.
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Chapter 5: Memory: Models and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ refers to a concept that cannot be directly measured or observed but that may be used as a mental representation for understanding the workings of a psychological phenomenon.
A)Declarative knowledge
B)A node
C)A hypothetical construct
D)A prime
Q2) Explain double dissociations and their relevance to understanding memory.
Q3) __________ recall refers to a type of recall task used in experiments in which the participant recalls items in any order he or she chooses.
A)Arbitrary
B)Serial
C)Disordered
D)Free
Q4) How long does unrehearsed material typically remain in the short-term store?
A)1 second
B)5 seconds
C)30 seconds
D)5 minutes
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Chapter 6: Memory Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) What advice would you give a judge to persuade her or him of the potential danger of wrongful conviction based on eyewitness testimony as the sole or primary kind of evidence?
Q2) Tying a string around your finger,keeping a list of things to do,and asking someone to remind you of something are all examples of strategies to improve A)prospective memory.
B)introspective memory.
C)retrospective memory.
D)retroactive memory.
Q3) What is autobiographical memory?
Q4) Develop some mnemonics for the material for this section of the course (e.g. ,a mnemonic to remember the seven sins of memory).
Q5) __________ interference occurs when the interfering material occurs before,rather than after,learning of the to-be-remembered material.
A)Retroactive
B)Proactive
C)Decay
D)Reconstructive
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Chapter 7: The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps,
and Propositions
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Sample Questions
Q1) This theory of knowledge representation suggests that our mental representations can take one of two forms-something similar to either imagined or verbal.
A)epiphenomena
B)survey
C)dual-code theory
D)propositional
Q2) Johnson-Laird proposed three different forms for mental representations-propositional,mental models,and images.Describe each form and then explain how they are different from each other.
Q3) After Margaret Intons-Peterson found that experimenter expectations affected the results of a study,__________ and __________ demonstrated that experimenter effects did not adequately explain their findings.
A)Kosslyn;Luria
B)Gazzaniga;Sperry
C)Kosslyn;Jolicoeur
D)Jolicoeur;Corballis
Q4) What is the difference between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge? Give an example of each to show distinctions.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind
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Sample Questions
Q1) A "connectionist" model is another way to refer to a(n)
A)elementary information process model.
B)test-operate-test-exit model.
C)production system.
D)parallel distributed processing model.
Q2) A __________ refers to an element representing a concept within a semantic network.
A)frame
B)script
C)node
D)schema
Q3) A __________ refers to a web of labeled relations among interconnected elements.
A)frame
B)script
C)semantic network
D)node
Q4) List and then define the various types of categories.Explain the similarities and differences between them.
Q5) Explain the various components of Anderson's ACT-R model.How does his model differ from other models?
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Chapter 9: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ revolutionized the study of syntax by being the first to argue convincingly that phrase-structure grammars are inadequate to convey fully the structures of sentences.
A)Eleanor Rosch
B)Ludwig Wittgenstein
C)Herbert Clark
D)Noam Chomsky
Q2) This term refers to the ability to take our thoughts and transform them in to linguist output.
A)linguistic input/output theory
B)decoding
C)encoding
D)principle of differential meaning
Q3) The main properties of language are
A)communicative,statically symbolic,and productive.
B)regularly structured,communicative,and statically symbolic.
C)structured at multiple levels,dynamic,and abstractly leveled.
D)regularly structured,productive,and dynamic.
Q4) Explain deep structure and surface structure.
Q5) What are the main properties of language?
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Chapter 10: Language in Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to talk to each other versus talking past one another,we often setup our conversations such that it is easy for our listener to understand the intended message.Doing so is making use of ___.
A)metaphors
B)cooperative principles
C)indirect requests
D)speech acts
Q2) A business associate said,"I'm glad to beat you," when what he intended to say was "I'm glad to meet you." This description illustrates the psychoanalytic concept of A)semantic confusion.
B)conversational errors.
C)Jungian similes.
D)Freudian slip.
Q3) All of the following statements describe basic ways of making indirect requests except one.Identify the exception.
A)asking or making statements about abilities
B)stating a desire
C)stating a future action
D)describing a past event
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Problem Solving and Creativity
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ occurs when solving an earlier problem makes it easier to solve a new problem.
A)Divergent thinking
B)Functional fixedness
C)Negative transfer
D)Positive transfer
Q2) This part of the problem-solving cycle involves periodically assessing to what extent you are getting closer to the goal.In other words,individuals who are effective problem-solvers will check their performance along the way to decide if they should continue or change their approach.
A)strategy formulation
B)problem definition
C)monitoring
D)evaluation
Q3) According to Howard Gardner,creative individuals tend to have early family lives that are
A)rather strict but moderately supportive.
B)permissive but not supportive.
C)permissive and highly supportive.
D)rather strict and not supportive.
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Chapter 12: Decision Making and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The goal of __________ is to select from among choices or to evaluate opportunities.
A)reasoning
B)judgment and decision making
C)reasoning and judgment
D)decision making and reasoning
Q2) Evidence from more naturalistic studies of decision making reveal that when solving conditional probabilities most people recognize and use the ________ argument,but fail to use the _________ argument.
A)modus ponens;modus tollens
B)modus tollens;consequent
C)consequent;antecedent
D)modus ponens;consequent
Q3) John often relies on his own experiences and the accuracy of his judgment over the judgment of others based on what he knows of his own skills and knowledge.This would be an example of a(n)
A)exclusion fallacy.
B)subjective probability.
C)framing effect.
D)overconfidence.
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