Introduction to Clinical Practice
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Clinical Practice offers students a foundational understanding of the essential skills, knowledge, and attitudes required for effective participation in clinical environments. This course covers core concepts such as patient communication, basic clinical assessment, ethical and legal responsibilities, infection control, and teamwork within healthcare settings. Through a combination of lectures, simulations, and hands-on experiences, students will begin to integrate theoretical knowledge with practical application, preparing them for subsequent clinical placements and professional interactions in diverse healthcare contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Psychology Science Practice and Culture 3rd Edition by Andrew M. (Mark) Pomerantz
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: Definition and Training
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Sample Questions
Q1) Students enrolled in a practitioner-scholar program typically earn what degree?
A) PsyD
B) PhD
C) MD
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Q2) The _____ typically consists of a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting,and takes place before the doctoral degree is awarded.
A) postdoctoral internship
B) predoctoral internship
C) first year of graduate school in a PsyD program
D) first year of graduate school in a PhD program
Answer: B
Q3) Between 1988 and 2001,the number of PsyD degrees awarded
A) more than doubled.
B) remained constant.
C) declined by 10%.
D) increased by 10%.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 3: Current Controversies in Clinical Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) We can say that cybertherapy generally appears to work
A) about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy.
B) far worse than in-person forms of psychotherapy.
C) far better than in-person forms of psychotherapy.
D) We cannot compare cybertherapy and in-person psychotherapy because no studies exist on this topic.
Answer: A
Q2) Briefly summarize two arguments for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists and two arguments against prescription privileges for clinical psychologists.
Answer: Arguments for prescription privileges include a shortage of psychiatrists, the precedent of other nonphysicians having prescription privileges, convenience for clients, professional autonomy, professional identification, the evolution of the profession, and revenue for the profession. Arguments against prescription privileges include training extensions and complications, threats to psychotherapy, identity confusion within clinical psychology, and the potential influence of the pharmaceutical industry.
Q3) The first list of empirically validated treatments was published in _____.
Answer: 1995
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Chapter 4: Cultural Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Briefly explain how the height of basketball star Yao Ming illustrates the concept of heterogeneity within a culture.
Q2) Which of the following is true?
A) The current edition of the APA ethical code includes no reference to issues of multiculturalism.
B) Currently, APA includes divisions devoted to issues of ethnicity and religion, but no divisions devoted to issues of gender or sexual orientation.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above
Q3) _____ is when an individual entering a new culture adopts much of the new culture and retains much of his or her original culture.
Q4) To modify a treatment with empirical support for a specific cultural group is called _____.
Q5) _____ is when an individual entering a new culture adopts much of the new culture and abandons much of his or her original culture.
Q6) The _____ perspective emphasizes the similarities between all people,while the _____ perspective emphasizes cultural-specific norms.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Nonsexual multiple relationships between clinical psychologist and client
A) are always unethical.
B) are never unethical if initiated by the client.
C) are unethical if they can be expected to impair the psychologist's competence or risk exploiting the client.
D) are unethical only if the client actually experiences harm or exploitation ("no harm, no foul").
Q2) According to the current edition of the APA ethical code,psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients
A) unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions, in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist.
B) under any circumstances.
C) unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available.
D) unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist.
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Chapter 6: Conducting Research in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) _____ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time,often over many years.
A) Cross-sectional
B) ABAB
C) Analog
D) Longitudinal
Q2) A(n)_____ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings.
A) ABAB design
B) case study
C) qualitative review
D) meta-analysis
Q3) Which of these statements is consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code?
A) Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants.
B) Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data.
C) Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis.
D) all of the above
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8
Chapter 7: Diagnosis and Classification Issues
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Q1) Hippocrates identified an imbalance in _____ as the source of abnormality.
A) the ego
B) spiritual harmony
C) bodily fluids
D) the unconscious
Q2) Briefly explain how the inclusion of minor depressive disorder could have beneficial or problematic consequences for clients in the future.
Q3) Emil Kraepelin was a pioneer of the diagnosis of mental disorders.Among the categories he identified were _____,which is similar to the current label of bipolar disorder,and _____,which is similar to the current label of schizophrenia.
A) manic-depressive psychosis; dementia praecox
B) anxiety neurosis; disorderly thought psychosis
C) dementia praecox; separation disorder
D) none of the above
Q4) Where are disorders such as minor depressive disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder listed in DSM-IV-TR?
Q5) The _____ approach to diagnosis examines where on a continuum a client's symptoms fall.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Clinical Interview
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Q1) _____ is the extent to which an assessment technique correlates with other techniques that measure the same thing.
A) Reliability
B) Clinical utility
C) Convergent validity
D) Discriminant validity
Q2) Dr.Murphy,a clinical psychologist,is conducting a clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to assign a label from the current DSM to the client.In other words,Dr.Murphy is conducting a _____.
A) diagnostic interview
B) mental status exam
C) intake interview
D) crisis interview
Q3) What technique is used to make sure the interviewer accurately understands a patient's comments and to communicate that the interviewer is actively listening to the patient?
Q4) _____ describes how an interviewer is with clients; _____ is what an interviewer does with clients.
Q5) What is the primary purpose of the mental status exam?
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Chapter 9: Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment
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Q1) The _____ is a memory test that can be used to assess individuals who are suspected to have memory problems due to brain injury,dementia,or substance abuse.
A) WPPSI-III
B) WMS-IV
C) NEO-PI-R
D) RBANS
Q2) The WISC is an appropriate test for a client whose age is _____ years.
A) 68
B) 25
C) 11
D) 3
Q3) Who created the three-stratum theory of intelligence?
Q4) The WPPSI is an appropriate test for a client whose age is _____ years.
A) 81
B) 13
C) 52
D) none of the above
Q5) What is the most commonly used neuropsychological screening measure among clinical psychologists?
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Chapter 10: Personality Assessment and Behavioral Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The practice of evidence-based assessment is characterized by the selection of tests
A) with sufficient normative data, especially regarding diverse clients.
B) with strong reliability and validity.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above
Q2) _____ is the systematic observation of a patient's behavior in the natural environment.
Q3) What are the five personality traits measured by the NEO-PI-R?
Q4) _____ is a test-construction method that involves identifying distinct groups of people,asking all of them to respond to the same test items,and comparing responses between the groups.
A) Empirical criterion keying
B) Logarithmic modeling
C) Factor analysis
D) Comparative group coding
Q5) On what type of test might the item "I enjoy _____" appear?
Q7) What test-construction method was used by the authors of the MMPI-2? Page 12
Q6) How does behavioral assessment differ from the traditional approach personality assessment approach?
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Chapter 11: General Issues in Psychotherapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 1995 psychotherapy study published in Consumer Reports magazine
A) is an example of an efficacy study.
B) is an example of an effectiveness study.
C) concluded that treatment by a mental health professional usually did not produce benefits.
D) included a comparison group of individuals who were on the waiting list for psychotherapy but did not receive it.
Q2) What is the most common format of psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists?
Q3) A(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients.
A) integrative
B) psychodynamic
C) eclectic
D) behavioral
Q4) What is the difference between the efficacy and effectiveness of a form of psychotherapy?
Q5) Briefly compare and contrast eclectic and integrative approaches to psychotherapy.
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Chapter 12: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
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Q1) When clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly,they create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings.This is known as _____.
A) defensiveness
B) resistance
C) displacement
D) transference
Q2) According to psychodynamic psychotherapists,what is the "blank slate" role of the therapist and why is it important?
Q3) Displacement is a defense mechanism characterized by
A) doing the opposite of the unconscious wish.
B) redirecting the unconscious wish toward a safer target.
C) attributing the unconscious wish to others rather than to the self.
D) denying the entire conflict surrounding the unconscious wish such that the individual never becomes aware of it.
Q4) According to psychodynamic psychotherapists,what is resistance,and why is it important?
Q5) Which psychosexual stage is associated with the development of trust (or distrust)?
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Chapter 13: Humanistic Psychotherapy
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Q1) According to the humanistic approach,conditional positive regard from others brings forth _____.
A) reflection
B) conditional positive self-regard
C) genuineness
D) self-actualization
Q2) Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy places the strongest emphasis on empathy provided by the therapist?
A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) humanistic
D) behavioral
Q3) _____ was founded by Fritz Perls,and it emphasizes a holistic approach to enhancing the client's experience.
A) Gestalt therapy
B) Motivational interviewing
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Existential therapy
Q4) Who is the primary leader of the positive psychology movement?
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Chapter 14: Behavioral Psychotherapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) When behavioral activation begins,an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is,
A) "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?"
B) "Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?"
C) "If the feared event happens, so what?"
D) "What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?"
Q2) Teacher training is an indirect intervention based on the principles of _____ psychotherapy.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) humanistic
Q3) According to behavioral therapists,
A) client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem.
B) client behaviors are the problem.
C) phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious.
D) none of the above
Q4) Briefly explain the extinction burst.
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Psychotherapy
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Q1) Who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
Q2) Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad,which includes _____,is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels.
A) thoughts about the self
B) thoughts about the external world
C) thoughts about the future
D) all of the above
Q3) Who created rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
Q4) The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is
A) observable behavior change via contingency management.
B) to make the unconscious conscious.
C) logical thinking.
D) self-actualization.
Q5) Cognitive therapy
A) tends to be brief, structured, and targeted.
B) has become the prominent approach to psychotherapy in the early part of the 21st century.
C) represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches.
D) all of the above
Q6) What are the five components of the ABCDE model?
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Group and Family Therapy
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Q1) List three of Yalom's therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy.
Q2) What is the name of the tool used to assess families that involves drawing a family tree and labeling the relationships between the individuals on the family tree?
Q3) The genogram is an assessment technique used most often by _____ therapists. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) group D) family
Q4) Compare and contrast open-enrollment groups and closed-enrollment groups as models of group therapy.
Q5) Individual psychotherapists tend to explain psychological problems with _____ causality,whereas family therapists tend to explain psychological problems with _____ causality.
Q6) _____ therapy asks patients to revise their life "stories" to recast themselves as the heroes in the story,ultimately enhancing patients' views of self.
Q7) What do group therapists mean by the term social microcosm?
Q8) Explain Yalom's corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.
Page 19
Q9) Who is the leading figure in the interpersonal approach to group therapy?
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Chapter 17: Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
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Q1) When naturalistic direct observation of a child is not practical,clinical child psychologists often conduct _____ to achieve the same purpose.
A) sentence-completion tests
B) intelligence testing
C) achievement testing
D) analogue direct observation
Q2) What type of test are instruments such as the Roberts Apperception Test and the Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS)?
Q3) Most of the specific forms of psychotherapy that have demonstrated empirical benefits for specific disorders of childhood are _____.
A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) metacognitive
Q4) Under what broad DSM category are psychological problems of childhood listed?
Q5) How do cognitive-behavioral therapists adapt their techniques to work with children and adolescents? Give at least one specific example.
Q6) Briefly describe behavior rating scales as used in child assessment.
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Chapter 18: Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is the term used to describe a pattern of using alcohol that has become maladaptive and leads to clinically significant distress or impairment.
A) Alcohol dependence
B) Tolerance
C) Withdrawal
D) Alcohol abuse
Q2) _____ is an interdisciplinary field interested in the ways in which our minds influence our bodies.
A) Health psychology
B) Behavioral medicine
C) Medical psychology
D) Internal medicine
Q3) A therapist who promotes physical health by having his patients write about the things they value most in life is using what technique?
Q4) When the ABCs of relapse prevention are applied to smoking,"B" represents _____.
A) beliefs about smoking
B) smoking
C) benefits of smoking cessation
D) none of the above
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) The prediction of dangerousness is particularly difficult because it happens so infrequently,a phenomenon known as the _____ problem.
Q2) According to experts in forensic psychology,_____ tests tend to be endorsed most strongly for use in forensic evaluations.
A) objective personality tests
B) intelligence tests with proven reliability and validity
C) all of the above
D) none of the above
Q3) According to experts in forensic psychology,_____ tests tend to be considered unacceptable for assessments of defendants or criminals.
A) Wechsler intelligence
B) projective personality
C) all of the above
D) none of the above
Q4) Clinical psychologists who consult with law enforcement agencies conduct _____.
A) fitness-for-duty evaluations
B) pre-employment evaluations
C) psychotherapy
D) all of the above
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