Human Neuroanatomy Review Questions
Course Introduction
Human Neuroanatomy explores the structural organization and functional correlates of the human nervous system. This course provides an in-depth examination of the anatomy of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, emphasizing their roles in sensory and motor functions, cognition, and behavior. Students will learn through lectures, laboratory dissections, and neuroimaging techniques to identify key neuroanatomical structures and pathways. The course also addresses neurodevelopment, neuropathological conditions, and clinical applications, preparing students to understand how neuroanatomical knowledge underpins both basic neuroscience research and applied clinical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
949 Verified Questions
949 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism?
A)It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes,Hume,and Mill.
B)It was a foundation for the associationist-behaviorist school of psychology.
C)It postulates a special role for reason and induction in human thought.
D)It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm?
A)Synapse
B)Syncytium
C)Striatum
D)Claustrum
Answer: B
Q3) Generally,it has been found that different cortical regions that contain cells with different morphologies
A)cannot be distinguished using tissue stains.
B)emerge during different stages of early embryonic development.
C)lie in opposite cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
D)carry out different functions from one another.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The poison tetraethylammonium (TEA)interferes with normal neural communication.The toxin binds to and blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in the neuron cell membrane.Which of the following best describes the effects of TEA on the action potential?
A)The depolarization phase of the action potential fails to occur.
B)The repolarization phase of the action potential is blocked.
C)The refractory period of the action potential is shortened.
D)The action potential fails to be regenerated at the nodes of Ranvier.
Answer: B
Q2) Drugs that facilitate neurotransmission are sometimes called ________,while drugs that inhibit neurotransmission are sometimes called ________.
A)ligands / receptors
B)receptors / ligands
C)agonists / antagonists
D)antagonists / agonists
Answer: C
Q3) The resting potential of a neuron is typically +40 to +90 millivolts (mV).
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the structures listed here are major components of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the
A)globus pallidus.
B)amygdala.
C)caudate nucleus.
D)putamen.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a staining technique used to visualize tissue structure?
A)Weigert stain
B)Posner stain
C)Nissl stain
D)Marchi stain
Answer: B
Q3) Tract-tracing methods allow researchers to identify connections between different neurons and brain regions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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5
Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following degenerative disorders is believed to have the strongest genetic component?
A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Korsakoff's disease
Q2) Research questions about the time course of cognition are better addressed using methods like ________,whereas questions about the anatomy of cognition are better addressed using methods like ________.
A)ERP / fMRI
B)fMRI / PET
C)PET / MEG
D)MEG / ERP
Q3) The field of ________ is based on the idea that perception and thought employ mental representations that undergo transformations as they are used.
A)neuropsychology
B)computer modeling
C)cognitive psychology
D)neuroimaging
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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65 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Due to a defect in one type of photoreceptor,Susan has poor vision at night,when light levels are relatively low.Which type of photoreceptor is defective?
A)Ganglion cell
B)Cone
C)Rod D)Cornea
Q2) In the auditory system,the basilar membrane is located within the A)cochlea. B)eardrum.
C)pinna.
D)middle ear.
Q3) A selective loss of motion perception is called A)achromatopsia. B)anomia.
C)akinetopsia. D)agnosia.
Q4) Speculate about what kinds of information might be processed in the superior temporal lobe of a congenitally deaf person.In your answer,consider the kinds of environmental information that are especially important in the absence of sound.
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to ________ hypotheses of visual object recognition,recognition is due to the collective and simultaneous activity of specialized visual neurons.
A)grandmother-cell or gnostic
B)cytoarchitectonic or histological
C)hierarchical or multistable
D)population or ensemble
Q2) When a person who has learned to read proficiently subsequently develops reading problems as a result of brain injury,this deficit is called A)acquired agraphia.
B)apperceptive agnosia.
C)acquired alexia.
D)apperceptive ataxia.
Q3) According to Warrington's model,patients with left posterior lesions should be particularly impaired in A)recognizing the visually invariant properties of objects.
B)linking visual inputs to knowledge in long-term memory.
C)matching different views of an object as representing the same item.
D)segmenting a complex drawing into its component parts.
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Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary interaction of muscles and the nervous system involves the alpha motor neurons,which originate in the ________,exit through the ________,and terminate in the muscles.
A)brain / dorsal root
B)brain / ventral root
C)spinal cord / dorsal root
D)spinal cord / ventral root
Q2) The two general subtypes of apraxia are
A)ideomotor and ideational.
B)ideational and associative.
C)associative and apperceptive.
D)apperceptive and ideomotor.
Q3) Simple reflexive motor responses to external stimuli rely primarily on the function of the ________,whereas motor behaviors that are only minimally dependent on such external cues rely primarily on the function of the ________.
A)basal ganglia / spinal cord
B)cerebellum / brainstem
C)spinal cord / motor cortex
D)motor cortex / brainstem
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units can increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory.This strategy is called A)the recency effect.
B)encoding.
C)the serial position effect.
D)chunking.
Q2) Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that
A)memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres.
B)encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.
C)implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere,whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere.
D)working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere.
Q3) What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? Give examples of the kinds of memories that would (and would not)be impaired with each condition.
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Chapter 9: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on racial stereotypes conducted by Phelps and colleagues (2000)suggested that when European-American participants viewed pictures of unfamiliar African-American men,activity in the ________ of these participants was correlated with the results of ________ behavioral measures of racial beliefs and attitudes.
A)orbitofrontal cortex / direct or explicit
B)orbitofrontal cortex / indirect or implicit
C)amygdala / direct or explicit
D)amygdala / indirect or implicit
Q2) In some of the fear-conditioning experiments described in your text,simple shapes like a blue square are used as the conditioned stimulus (CS).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events,________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.
A)do not block / nor do they block
B)do not block / but they do block
C)block / but they do not block
D)block / and they also block
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Chapter 10: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The P600,also known as the SPS,is an ERP component that is sensitive to the violation of expectations based on
A)the physical appearance of words.
B)the pronunciation of words.
C)semantics.
D)syntax.
Q2) The information that a listener derives from the speech rhythm and pitch of the speaker's voice is referred to as morphological.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Modular models of language comprehension argue for a high degree of interactivity between different specialized modules.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Your text uses the word bank to illustrate the idea of words that
A)have many phonological neighbors.
B)have many semantic neighbors.
C)have more than one pronunciation.
D)have more than one meaning.
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Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Despite the generalization that the left hemisphere is dominant in language function,one important aspect of language that is associated primarily with the right hemisphere is
A)reading.
B)writing.
C)prosody.
D)lexical processing.
Q2) A general function that is associated with RIGHT-hemisphere activity in most people is
A)language production and comprehension.
B)comprehension and memory for meaningful gestures.
C)the word superiority effect.
D)visuospatial processing.
Q3) The term ________ refers to the idea that a complex perceptual stimulus can be described on multiple levels of detail.
A)dichotomania
B)hierarchical structure
C)generative assembling device
D)heterotopic mapping
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) In attention experiments,cues that correctly predict the location of the target are called ________,whereas cues that predict other locations are called ________.
A)endogenous / exogenous
B)benefits / costs
C)valid / invalid
D)overt / covert
Q2) The fact that Woldorff and colleagues (1993)found that the auditory N1 waveform is generated by cells in the primary and secondary auditory cortex provides neurophysiological evidence
A)in support of early selection.
B)in support of late selection.
C)that attentional functions are controlled by the temporal lobe.
D)that attentional functions are controlled by cortical rather than subcortical structures.
Q3) When spatial attention is introduced to one stimulus in a spatial array,simultaneous presentation of competing stimuli interferes less compared to the absence of spatial attention.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Baddeley working memory model is ________,suggesting that ________ is more important in determining the brain regions that will be recruited.
A)process-based / the type of information
B)process-based / the type of computation
C)content-based / the type of information
D)content-based / the type of computation
Q2) What is the difference between a content-based and a process-based account of functional specialization? Which do you believe is more successful in explaining the organization of the frontal lobe,and why?
Q3) Cells in the prefrontal cortex that respond selectively to information about "what" and "where" may differ from other parts of the visual pathway in that
A)there is a larger proportion of "where" cells in the prefrontal cortex.
B)the selectivity of the prefrontal cells is independent of the task conditions.
C)some of the prefrontal cells respond to combinations of "what" and "where" information.
D)Both b and c are true.
Q4) Which aspects of memory are compromised following damage to the frontal lobe? Which aspects are relatively unimpaired?
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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65 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the somatic marker hypothesis? Describe a neuropsychological study-real or hypothetical-that would support or disprove the somatic marker hypothesis.
Q2) What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?
A)Both tasks have strong social cognition components.
B)Both tasks strongly engage the right anterior cingulate.
C)Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information.
D)Both b and c are true.
Q3) Research suggests that self-description judgments rely on recall of specific autobiographical episodes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What evidence supports the notion that autistic people are "mindblind"? What are some alternative hypotheses?
Q5) Which brain region is the most susceptible to coup-contra-coup injury?
A)The occipital cortex
B)The parietal cortex
C)The temporal cortex
D)The orbitofrontal cortex
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) The retention of a structure,behavior,or gene from a common ancestor is A)homology.
B)plesiomorphy.
C)homoplasy.
D)analogy.
Q2) The term sociobiology is associated with A)E.O.Wilson.
B)Stephen Jay Gould.
C)Charles Darwin.
D)Richard Dawkins.
Q3) A researcher who is interested in when marsupial traits evolved does a comparative study of all the mammalian species of Australia.She finds that most Australian mammals are marsupials,and she concludes that marsupial traits originated in Australia shortly after Australian mammals were geographically isolated from the other continents.Is this conclusion valid?
A)Yes.
B)No,because she did not consider that the traits in question may be homologous.
C)No,because she did not study any non-Australian mammals.
D)No,because she did not consider the unique environmental problems that Australia posed for mammalian evolution.
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