Human Memory Practice Questions

Course Introduction

This course explores the fundamental principles and current research on human memory, examining its structures, processes, and functions across the lifespan. Students will investigate the mechanisms underlying encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, as well as the factors that affect memory performance such as attention, emotion, and context. The course covers various types of memory, including sensory, short-term, working, and long-term memory, and addresses topics like forgetting, amnesia, and false memories. Applications to education, eyewitness testimony, and everyday life are discussed, with an emphasis on experimental methods and theoretical models that have shaped our understanding of memory.

Recommended Textbook

Cognition 6th Edition by Mark H. Ashcraft

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14 Chapters

1643 Verified Questions

1643 Flashcards

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Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction

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102 Verified Questions

102 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) What was a problem with traditional behaviorism as revealed to experimental psychologists doing work during World War II?

A) Most of the Army and Navy had to deal with people,not rats.

B)Much longer retention periods of knowledge were involved.

C)It did not address practical concerns,such as vigilance.

D)The principles of behaviorism were all shown to be incorrect.

Answer: C

Q2) The "standard model of memory" refers to an information-processing model of human cognition.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q3) Most associated with the method of savings is __________.

A)Hermann von Ebbinghaus

B)William James

C)Wilhelm Wundt

D)B.F.Skinner

Answer: A

Q4) The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______.

Answer: (COGNITIVE SCIENCE).

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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

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118 Verified Questions

118 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Visual information about where something is located is processed by the __________ pathway.

A)medial

B)posterior

C)forsal

D)ventral

Answer: C

Q2) A neuron has a resting potential of __________.

A)- 70 mV

B)0 mV

C)+ 30 mV

D)+ 170 mV

Answer: A

Q3) The different areas of the cortex are specialized for different kinds of neural computation.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q4) What is the name of the process generated when a neuron fires?

Answer: (ACTION POTENTIAL)

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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception

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149 Verified Questions

149 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) The type of agnosia in which people have difficulty perceiving stimulus patterns as a Gestalt is called _______________________.

Answer: (APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA)

Q2) The region of the retina responsible for precise focused vision is the __________.

A)input layer

B)pigmented layer

C)fovea

D)ganglia

Answer: C

Q3) The following are four accounts of how we perform pattern recognition.Which of these accounts is the most likely to encounter difficulties as a result of the problem of invariance?

A)connectionist models

B)recognition by components

C)template matching

D)feature matching

Answer: C

Q4) Draw a diagram that illustrates (and labels)the important components of the eye. Answer: (FOVEA)

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Chapter 4: Attention

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120 Verified Questions

120 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) A slowdown in processing from an invalid attentional cue is called __________.

A)a cost

B)inhibition

C)a boost

D)segmentation

Q2) Over time,vigilance at a task that requires sustained attention declines because

A)responses detection declines

B)attention stops working (it goes into sleep mode)

C)perceptual processes become fatigued

D)the response bias changes

Q3) Conscious processing,conscious awareness that a task is being performed,and (usually)conscious awareness of the outcome of that performance describe

A)implicit processing

B)explicit processing

C)input attention

D)input processing

Q4) How are the phenomena of negative priming and the attention blink similar,and how are they different?

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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory

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110 Verified Questions

110 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) The initial "Peterson & Peterson" interpretation of the Brown-Peterson task result was that the performance decrement was due to memory decay across time.This interpretation was later challenged by __________.

A)Triesman & Gelade

B)Cooper & Shepard

C)Waugh & Norman

D)Johnston & Heinz

Q2) Information that is stored and processed in the phonological loop is most likely

A)temporal

B)in a verbal/acoustic memory code

C)kinematic in nature

D)exempt from any influences of information in the episodic buffer

Q3) Name one aspect of cognition that is influenced by the operation of working memory,and described the nature of this influence.

Q4) Processing information in the articulatory loop can disrupt processing in the visuospatial sketchpad.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering

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133 Verified Questions

133 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) The isolation effect is __________.

A)the fact that repetition leads to stronger memory traces

B)the fact that the frequency of events seems to be encoded into memory easily (or automatically)

C)improved memory for one piece of evidence that has been made distinct or different

D)the fact that rehearsal organization and imagery lead to better retrieval

Q2) What is encoding specificity?

A)better memory when the retrieval context matches the encoding context

B)the idea that learning is better in some contexts than others

C)learning that is better for specific ideas than for general gist information

D)losing specific information over time,but retaining the gist

Q3) Implicit memory is long-term memory retrieval or performance that entails deliberate recollection or awareness.

A)True

B)False

Q4) Disruption of memory of events occurring after brain injury,especially a disruption in acquiring new long-term memories,is called ___________________.

Q5) Memory is worse with ___________ practice than with ___________ practice.

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Page 8

Chapter 7: Knowing

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105 Verified Questions

105 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) In a semantic network,concepts are represented by ________ and associations are represented by ________.

Q2) How are schemata likely to change of the course of one's life?

Q3) Why would semantic memory have characteristics that reflect embodied cognition?

Q4) Which theory of semantic memory is most consistent with the existence of ad hoc categories?

A)semantic networks

B)classic view of categorization

C)connectionist

D)temporal lobe theories

Q5) According to the classic view of categorization,which of the following would NOT be used by people to create their semantic categories?

A)necessary features

B)sufficient features

C)rules

D)prototypes

Q6) With respect to models of the mind,what is connectionism?

Q7) What is an advantage of feature list theories of semantic memory compared to semantic network models?

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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World

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110 Verified Questions

110 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Diary studies in which psychologists studied their own autobiographical memories find that __________.

A)knowledge about memory impairs its study

B)Ebbinghaus was wrong about just about everything

C)unpleasant memories are recalled better over time

D)pleasant memories are recalled better over time

Q2) The existence of infantile amnesia illustrates that __________.

A)much of our lives,even from birth,is buried deep in memory

B)very young children are experiencing catastrophic losses of memory due to developmental traumas

C)human memory takes some time to develop

D)memory works backwards

Q3) Suggestibility inflation is one of the seven sins of memory.

A)True

B)False

Q4) The form of mental representation that is best retained over long periods of time is the __________.

Q5) What were the central findings of Bahrick's work on "Fifty years of names and faces"?

Q6) A memory for an event that never happened is called a(n)_______________.

Page 10

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Chapter 9: Language

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111 Verified Questions

111 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Chomsky's work never dealt satisfactorily with meaning.

A)True

B)False

Q2) We begin our utterances before the syntax and semantics of the final portion of the sentence have been worked out.

A)True

B)False

Q3) In TG,"The boy kissed the girl" and "Did the boy kiss the girl?" differ in their deep structure.

A)True

B)False

Q4) __________ is a situation in which existing knowledge of language biases one's reasoning about what one is hearing.

A)Veracity effect

B)Top-down bias

C)Representativeness

D)Confirmation bias

Q5) What is polysemy?

Q6) How do the approaches of transformational grammar and case grammar differ?

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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

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125 Verified Questions

125 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of the following represents indirect reference by characterization?

A)Identity: Michelle bought a computer.It was on sale.

B)Probable parts: Erick bought a used snowboard.The bindings are broken.

C)Optional roles: I taught a class yesterday.The chalk tray was empty.

D)Causes: Thuy answered a question in class.The professor had called upon her.

Q2) Situation models do all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A)represent a possible world described in a passage of text

B)represent the propositional coding of the information

C)include inferences drawn while comprehending

D)include spatial and temporal information

Q3) What is the name of the effect that results when people inappropriately get a proper name as an anaphoric reference?

Q4) The connections between concepts in an utterance are called ____________,and the intended reference of an utterance is called ____________.

Q5) After you have completed your reading of a sentence,word-for-word recall is very poor.

A)True

B)False

Q6) What are three online measures of language comprehension?

Page 12

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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning

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98 Verified Questions

98 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) A heuristic is __________.

A)a specific rule or solution procedure that is certain to yield the correct answer if followed correctly

B)an informal "rule of thumb" method for solving problems,not necessarily guaranteed to solve the problem correctly,but usually much faster or more tractable than other alternatives

C)the act of someone who reasons; to think logically; to analyze with reason

D)the mental representation of meaning in a reasoning problem

Q2) A German sample was better at (correctly)identifying that San Diego was more populous than San Antonio than a U.S.sample.This result is best described as reflecting

A)the chronic underfunding of the U.S.educational system

B)the recognition heuristic

C)the frequency heuristic

D)the simulation heuristic

Q3) Describe how the owners of a used car lot might try to use some of the heuristics discussed in this chapter to their advantage.

Q4) Pick one example of a fast and frugal heuristic,define it,and explain why people might use it most of the time.

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Chapter 12: Problem Solving

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106 Verified Questions

106 Flashcards

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Sample

Questions

Q1) According to the multiconstraint theory of problem solving,analogical problem solving is aided by finding and using __________.

A)the stated goals in a problem

B)observed stimuli

C)first impressions

D)an exclusive focus on the problem

Q2) Incubation in problem solving is __________.

A)a myth

B)counterproductive

C)useful only with mathematical problems

D)a period during which the problem is not consciously being worked on

Q3) What of the following is NOT one of the three factors that guide problem solving according to Holyoak and Thagard's multiconstraint theory?

A)problem similarity

B)problem structure

C)purpose of an analogy

D)problem solution

Q4) Thagard & Holyoak (mutliconstraint theory)suggest three constraints on problem-solving performance.What are they?

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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion

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107 Verified Questions

107 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Suppressing your emotions causes later __________.

A)emotional outbursts

B)psychopathology

C)misunderstandings

D)reductions in self-control

Q2) The emotional Stroop task __________.

A)reflects emotional responses to having attention divided

B)assesses color name in the presence of emotional words

C)has not been successful

D)has not been empirically validated

Q3) Emotions can best be described as __________.

A)monotonic

B)elliptical

C)logically formal

D)multidimensional

Q4) The expression of emotional can be conveyed in spoken language through the use of _____________.

Q5) Emotional information is typically remembered better than neutral information. A)True

B)False

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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development

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149 Verified Questions

149 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) Compared to younger adults,older adults tend to show a greater __________.

A)use of heuristics

B)logical reasoning bias

C)hindsight bias

D)decision-making hierarchy

Q2) What is presbycusis as it relates to aging and hearing?

A)a stiffing of the eardrum

B)a loosening of the eardrum

C)a loss of hair cells

D)an overabundance of inappropriate hair cells

Q3) Which of the following neurological structures is NOT well-developed in humans at birth?

A)hippocampus

B)thalamus

C)medial temporal lobe

D)occipital lobe

Q4) In Bruner's developmental progression,iconic representation follows enactive representation.

A)True

B)False

Page 16

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