Human Growth and Development
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that individuals experience from conception through late adulthood. The course covers major theories of development, including those proposed by Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Vygotsky, and examines factors such as genetics, environment, and culture that influence the growth process. Students will analyze developmental milestones, the impact of family, peers, and media, and the challenges faced at various life stages. Through research and case studies, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how humans develop and adapt across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Lifespan Development 6th Edition by Denise Boyd
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Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following assertions regarding lifespan development can be attributed to both G. Stanley Hall and Charles Darwin?
A) Humans evolved from other animals.
B) Biology dictates human personality.
C) Environment dictates healthy development.
D) Norms should be identified for each developmental stage.
Answer: A
Q2) Correlational research does not allow us to show ________ relationships.
Answer: causal
Q3) Which of the following is an example from your text of an inborn bias?
A) The fact that all male infants show a propensity toward aggression and female infants are more passive.
B) The fact that there are more blue-eyed children in the United States than brown-eyed children.
C) The fact that, universally, children's speech begins with single words before proceeding onto sentences.
D) The fact that, universally, all children learn to crawl before they learn to walk.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Niko plans to go to a good college. He seems unconcerned about competitive admissions policies because he believes that if he studies hard, he can get in wherever he wants. Bandura would consider this an example of which of the following?
A) A self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Delayed gratification
C) A positive self image
D) Self-efficacy
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following results in behaviors which are difficult to extinguish?
A) Negative reinforcement
B) The application of conditioned stimuli
C) Continuous reinforcement schedules
D) Partial reinforcement schedules
Answer: D
Q3) Information processing theorists liken the human mind to
A) a well-oiled machine.
B) a computer.
C) a library.
D) a complex puzzle.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gina appeared to be a healthy pregnant woman but her baby was born with central nervous system damage, and later it was determined that the child was completely deaf and has mental retardation. Which of the following would be the most likely cause?
A) HIV
B) Cytomegalovirus
C) Syphilis
D) Rubella
Answer: B
Q2) Synapses are formed following the development of which of the following neural structures?
A) Cell bodies and axons
B) Dendrites and neurons
C) Axons and dendrites
D) Cell bodies and dendrites
Answer: C
Q3) There is no scientific evidence that hypnobirthing is as effective as giving a mother a(n) ________ during delivery.
Answer: epidural
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Chapter 4: Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a benefit of breast feeding to the mother?
A) Decreased soreness of the breasts
B) Increase in sex drive
C) Decreased risk of ovarian cancer
D) Decreased risk of infections
Q2) The myelinization in the reticular formation makes which of the following possible?
A) Dexterity in manipulation of small objects, such as a needle and thread
B) Judgment in decision making, such as evaluating various options
C) Speed and agility in motor skills, such as running to catch a ball
D) Concentration in thinking, such as focusing attention on a task
Q3) Researchers determine an infant's interest in an object by measuring which of the following?
A) Whether or not they look directly at the object
B) How long they look at the object
C) Whether or not they show signs of boredom such as yawning
D) Whether or not they smile at the object
Q4) Why do newborns recognize their mother's voice before anyone else's?
Q5) The growth of axons and dendrites is known as ________ .
Q6) What is the difference between habituation and dishabituation?
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to language development, which statement is correct?
A) Telegraphic speech begins around 18 months.
B) Holophrases appear after telegraphic speech.
C) Babies in Asian cultures babble before they coo.
D) Babies cannot understand language before they can speak it.
Q2) Clarify some of the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a bilingual household.
Q3) In terms of understanding, which of the following is not usually seen until around age five and is linked to language development?
A) Conservation
B) Complex categories
C) Conceptual grouping
D) Hierarchical categories
Q4) A child's understanding of the nature of objects, their properties, and how they work defines which of the following?
A) Object relations
B) Object concept
C) Object permanence
D) Objectification
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Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
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Q1) The emotional and behavioral predispositions present at birth are thought to be the foundation of personality. These predispositions are collectively referred to as A) foundations.
B) temperament.
C) moods.
D) motivations.
Q2) List, in order, Bowlby's four phases of attachment behaviors.
Q3) Research suggests that infants can identify changes in the emotions expressed in others' faces at age ________.
Q4) Which of the following is a complicating factor in studying the effects of family day care?
A) There is too much individual variation between familial caregivers.
B) Very few children have family day care.
C) Most children who have family day care are also enrolled in another type of day care.
D) Most children who have family day care come from wealthy families.
Q5) On average, what are the differences between children in nonparental care and their home-reared peers?
Q6) What does the term goodness-of-fit mean?
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a child follows a certain procedure each morning when they get out of bed, what are they using?
Q2) Which of the following best represents the earliest inflection used among children learning English, according to Roger Brown?
A) "Come in."
B) "I ran."
C) "Doggie running."
D) "A cat."
Q3) According to neuroscientists, what is the primary determinant of which functions will or will not be lateralized?
A) Social experiences
B) Physical experiences
C) Genes
D) The hippocampus
Q4) According to Piaget, at about age two, children begin to use ________ in their thinking.
Q5) According to your text, despite strong genetic influences, an individual's IQ score can vary within its ________, depending on environmental influences.
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Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe empathy and its development in children.
Q2) Which of the following is an accurate statement about cross-gender behavior in childhood?
A) Little girls who are tomboys will become adults who have masculinized personalities.
B) Cross-gender behavior by girls typically elicits disapproval from adults and peers.
C) Both girls and boys are encouraged to engage in cross-gender behavior so they will develop well-rounded patterns of gender behavior.
D) Adults may disapprove of boys' cross-gender behavior because they fear it will lead to homosexuality.
Q3) According to your text, individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race. This demonstrates which of the following principles?
A) Racial stereotyping
B) Racial bias
C) Cross-race effect
D) Cross-racial bias effect
Q4) Which develops first, sex-typed behavior or ideas about sex roles?
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which of the following represents the ability to understand oneself?
A) Bodily kinesthetic
B) Naturalist
C) Interpersonal
D) Intrapersonal
Q2) Which of the following terms applies to those school children who are non-English-speaking, whether immigrant or native-born?
A) Linguistically challenged
B) Limited English proficient
C) ESL
D) Second language proficient
Q3) Which of the following theorists is associated with intelligence measurement?
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) Howard Gardner.
Q4) What did you learn about eating disorders in elementary schools? Was this surprising? Why or why not?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following is a descriptive characteristic of U.S. children who are most likely to live in poverty?
A) Older than six years old
B) Parents over the age of 40
C) Reared in single-mother families
D) Caucasian ethnicity
Q2) Which of the following seems to be the most important factor in selection of friends among 6 - 12 year olds?
A) Age
B) Socio-economic similarity
C) Race
D) Gender
Q3) How has the number of children living in poverty changed from the 1980s to now?
A) It has declined.
B) It has remained the same.
C) It is impossible to know because of the number of homeless families in the U.S.
D) It has increased.
Q4) "Watering down" of parents' resources as they have more children is also referred to as ________.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) When a high-achieving 5th grader starts to lose confidence in his abilities after transitioning to middle school, what are some possible reasons for this?
Q2) During a growth spurt, which is (are) likely to grow first?
A) The torso
B) Arms and legs
C) Hands and feet
D) The brain
Q3) Which of the following best defines adolescence?
A) The period between the ages of 10 and 17
B) The transition to puberty
C) The transitional period between childhood and adulthood
D) The transitional period from childhood to teenage-hood
Q4) Goals which are based on a desire for self-improvement are referred to as ________ goals.
Q5) Which of the following correlates with dropping out of high school?
A) Child's height and weight
B) Risk-taking behavior
C) Being an only child
D) Gender
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Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Lionel thinks he wants to be a fireman, but he is not sure. He is working with his high school career counselor to get information about careers and college majors before he makes a decision. According to Marcia, Lionel is in which stage of identity development?
A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Diffusion
Q2) Hippies, cowboys, nerds, geeks, and preppies are all terms which might be used to describe which of the following?
A) Cliques
B) Peer groups
C) Crowds
D) Clubs
Q3) Teens whose academic self-concepts are strong tend to take more ________ courses in high school.
Q4) Adolescents tend to go to their ________ as their primary means of emotional support, even though ________ relationships take on more importance.
Q5) Approximately ________% of friendships formed by tenth-graders are long-lasting.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following U.S. ethnic and sexual orientation groups has the LOWEST rates of physical abuse by an intimate partner?
A) African American women
B) Lesbians
C) Caucasian heterosexual males
D) Hispanic women
Q2) Which of the following lifestyle or behavioral changes is least likely to moderate the effects of primary aging on the body?
A) exercise.
B) stop smoking.
C) attend religious services.
D) get sufficient dietary fiber or supplemental calcium.
Q3) Regarding immune function: immature T cells are made in the ________ and they mature in the ________.
Q4) ________ thought is associated with a fifth stage of cognitive development.
Q5) According to research, how do students with disabilities perceive their acceptance in college classrooms?
Page 15
Q6) How likely is a nontraditional college student to obtain a degree?
Q7) Discuss primary and secondary aging and how age interacts with social class.
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Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is one of the types of cohabiting heterosexual couples as described by Kline, et al.?
A) Those who live together because they believe that marriage is likely to end in divorce
B) Those who have very tentative wedding plans
C) Those who choose to live together as friends who also have sex together
D) Those who regard future marriage as a possibility but also believe that the relationship may be temporary
Q2) Which ethnic group in the United States places the highest emphasis on kinship and family ties?
Q3) During which of Super's stages does the young person search for a job or career that fits with his interests and personality?
A) Growth
B) Exploratory
C) Establishment
D) Maintenance
Q4) Work-family conflict more strongly influences ________ career decisions than those of ________.
Q5) Define what is meant by the term kin-keeper.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is one of the hypotheses as to why diabetes has a more devastating effect on minority individuals than on whites?
A) They are likely to contract the disease earlier in life so it has a longer time to adversely affect the body.
B) They are likely to be in poorer health overall.
C) They are more likely to contract juvenile diabetes and then develop adult onset diabetes later.
D) They are less likely to adequately manage their diabetes.
Q2) ________ live longer but they have more diseases and disabilities.
Q3) Overall physical health and cognitive performance in middle adulthood are most closely linked to ________.
Q4) Guilford describes creativity as a type of thought process called ________ thinking.
Q5) What are Goleman's four stages of mulling over creative solutions?
Q6) What is sildenafil?
A) A bacterial infection associated with prostate cancer
B) A medication used to treat erectile dysfunction
C) The seminal fluid that contains viable sperm
D) A natural supplement used to minimize hot flashes
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Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) What are the three types of relationships that grandparents may have with their grandchildren, according to the research from Cherlin & Furstenberg?
Q2) __________ is a Big Five personality trait that represents willingness to try new things.
Q3) Pauline and Leo call their grandchildren every week and drive the 300 miles to visit several times a year. They even text message their grandchildren on their cell phones occasionally, just for fun. Social scientists would say that Pauline and Leo have what type of relationship with their grandchildren?
A) Companionate relationship
B) Remote relationship
C) Distant relationship
D) Cross-generational feed
Q4) The woman interviewed in the video feels that she has ________ responsibilities than her parents did at her age.
Q5) In terms of continuity versus stability, what is the nature of personality in the average middle-aged adult?
Q6) ________% of workers report having dealt with rude behavior in the work place within the past five years.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is true regarding heredity and longevity and health?
A) Twin studies show that illness rates in siblings do not have a genetic component.
B) Of those whose parents died before 78, 40% had a chronic illness at age 65.
C) Of those whose oldest grandparent had lived past 90, only about 2% had a chronic illness at age 65.
D) Identical twins are more similar in longevity than are fraternal twins.
Q2) What does the United Nations predict about the number of centenarians in the United States? What reason do they give for this?
Q3) Ninety-year-old Mrs. Gonzalez is no longer able to manage tasks such as bathing or using the toilet by herself. A gerontologist most likely would determine that Mrs. Gonzalez needs help with which of the following?
A) Only her activities of daily living
B) Only her instrumental activities of daily living
C) Both her activities of daily living and her instrumental activities of daily living
D) Her independence skills
Q4) Intellectually demanding daily living tasks are called ________ activities of daily living.
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Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is unlikely to be an important factor to consider when an aging adult must decide whether or not to live with an adult child?
A) Social network access
B) General health, such as need for assistance with ADLs
C) Income level and requirements
D) The characteristics of the adult child with whom the individual will live
Q2) Even though the term "abuse" is frequently associated with physical mistreatment, among the elderly ________ abuse may be far more subtle and widespread.
Q3) What is the largest source of income for most elderly adults in the United States?
A) Income from savings or other assets
B) Public assistance
C) Pension funds
D) Social Security
Q4) List four of the five components of successful aging explained in your text.
Q5) Why is reminiscence an important part of achieving ego integrity?
Q6) Volunteerism is defined as performance of unpaid work for ________ motives.
Q7) Identify and explain the components of successful aging.
Page 20
Q8) Identify three criteria for evaluating a long-term care facility.
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Chapter 19: Death Dying and Bereavement
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Q1) Lowell has just lost his wife to cancer. He dreams of her often and even thinks that he sees her at the grocery store or on the street. He cries frequently. In which stage of grief is Lowell according to Bowlby?
A) Yearning
B) Awareness
C) Shock
D) Healing
Q2) Sanders' label for Bowlby's reorganization stage of grief is ________.
Q3) Identify physical, practical, and emotional preparations that people make in preparing for death. What does the research say about unconscious preparation for death?
Q4) ________ care is administered to control pain and maximize comfort.
Q5) Which of the following concepts did Freud believe to be most useful for coping with death and grief?
A) Defense mechanisms
B) Regression
C) The unconscious
D) Fixation
Q6) Explain each of Corr's tasks for the dying person.
Q7) How does the loss of a parent affect middle-aged adults?
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