Human Growth and Development Exam Review
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception through old age. The course examines major theories and research in developmental psychology, addressing the interplay of genetics, environment, and individual differences in influencing growth. Key topics include prenatal development, childhood milestones, adolescence, adulthood, and aging, as well as the impact of family, culture, and society. Students gain a comprehensive understanding of the processes that shape human development and how these insights can be applied in educational, healthcare, and social contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Human Development A Life Span View 6th Edition by Robert V. Kail
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16 Chapters
3093 Verified Questions
3093 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
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199 Verified Questions
199 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A meta-analysis involves the synthesis of results from numerous studies.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) An effective punishment
A) causes some physical pain.
B) follows a reinforcer.
C) reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future.
D) eventually becomes ineffective.
Answer: C
Q3) When asked to explain why children sometimes act violently, Dr. Zylar responds, "Generally speaking, these children are driven by conflicts between what they wish to do and what society wishes them to do." It is most likely that Dr. Zylar would be a proponent of _____________ theory.
A) psychodynamic
B) social cognitive
C) Ecological
D) cognitive-developmental
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fact that the embryonic head develops before the body illustrates the ____ principle.
A) cephalocaudal
B) incomplete dominance
C) proximodistal
D) niche-picking
Answer: A
Q2) Because her birth weight was 1200 grams (about 3 pounds), Kia would be correctly classified as having a(n) ____ birth weight.
A) normal
B) low
C) very low
D) extremely low
Answer: C
Q3) While characterized as a progressive and fatal disorder, symptoms of Huntington's disease can be eliminated through a special diet.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical,
Perceptual, and Motor Development
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193 Verified Questions
193 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement concerning culture and crawling is true?
A) Most North American children are crawling at much younger ages than in past decades.
B) There are no known cultures that discourage motor development.
C) As it is genetically programmed, experience does not impact the rate of the acquisition of crawling.
D) The more practice infants get at crawling, the faster they tend to crawl.
Answer: D
Q2) The four common behavioral states of newborns are alert inactivity, sleeping, waking activity, and _____.
Answer: crying
Q3) Experts define a mad cry as a
A) less intense version of a pain cry.
B) more intense version of a pain cry.
C) less intense version of a basic cry.
D) more intense version of a basic cry.
Answer: D
Q4) _____ refers to the extent to which brain organization is flexible.
Answer: Neuroplasticity
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language:
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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197 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which best describes a linguistic babble?
A) Contains neither a vowel nor a consonant sound
B) Contains only a vowel sound
C) Contains only a consonant sound
D) Contains both a vowel and a consonant sound
Q2) According to the _____ principle, number names need to be counted in the same order.
Q3) A(n) _____ is an early infant vowel-like sound.
Q4) Piaget is often criticized for overestimating the impact of sociocultural factors on cognitive development.
A)True
B)False
Q5) While counting four objects, Yoshiko says "1, 2, 4, 8" one time and "2, 1, 4, 8" the next time. This demonstrates that Yoshiko has failed to master the ____ principle of counting.
A) stable-order
B) cardinality
C) one-to-one
D) habituation
Page 6
Q6) The belief that an inanimate object has lifelike properties is called _____.
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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193 Verified Questions
193 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are studying the basic emotions of infants from the United States and China. What differences would you expect in how these basic emotions are expressed?
A) Chinese infants will be less expressive than American infants.
B) American infants will be less expressive than Chinese infants.
C) Chinese infants will be more expressive of pain; American infants will be more expressive of "joy."
D) Chinese and American infants will express basic emotions the same way.
Q2) Concerning social roles, female activities are typically more A) demanding.
B) solitary.
C) strenuous.
D) outside the home.
Q3) We would know that two-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to
A) waking up from a nap.
B) seeing her mother's face.
C) finishing a meal.
D) a cat's tail brushing up against her.
Q4) During play, _____ actions tend to support others and lead to sustained play.
Page 8
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Chapter 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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187 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) After studying for a significant period of time, Maria is having her roommate test her to determine whether her study strategies are working. Maria is A) bypassing working memory.
B) a concrete operational thinker.
C) using abstraction.
D) monitoring.
Q2) Francisco is having a hard time remembering that Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. He also knows that his father will be upset if Francisco flunks his test of state capitals. Suddenly, Francisco sees a connection between these two events and realizes that he can recall the capital of Wisconsin by remembering that his dad will be mad at him if he can't remember (mad at son = Madison). In this example, Francisco is clearly using ____ to aid in his memory.
A) rehearsal
B) centration
C) elaboration
D) irreversibility
Q3) A child of normal intelligence with no sensory impairments who is having trouble mastering one or more academic subjects is best classified as having a(n) _____.
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Chapter 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
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195 Verified Questions
195 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brooke's family consists of her biological mother, biological sister, and step-father. This kind of unit is known as
A) a clique.
B) a negative reinforcement trap.
C) a blended family.
D) joint custody.
Q2) Research on sibling relationships in African-American families indicates that these relationships are most positive when children have A) many siblings.
B) high IQs.
C) sisters.
D) a strong sense of ethnic identity.
Q3) Children whose friends are all members of the opposite sex are more likely to be well adjusted than children whose friends are all members of the same sex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____ children are liked by most of their classmates.
Q5) Ridiculing a child is best described as _____ abuse.
Page 10
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Chapter 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence
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194 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which teenager is at the greatest risk for developing anorexia or bulimia?
A) Ivy, who has pica
B) Rose, who is intellectually gifted
C) Daisy, who never worried about dieting when she was young
D) Petunia, who has a grandmother with bipolar disorder
Q2) What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking?
A) He presented participants with moral dilemmas.
B) He observed moral behavior in laboratory experiments.
C) He observed moral behavior in real-life experiments.
D) He reviewed newspaper accounts on acts of bravery and acts of violence.
Q3) Increases in content knowledge during adolescence results in advances in the ability to identify strategies appropriate for solving specific tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Menarche is to spermarche as
A) onset of menstruation is to ejaculation.
B) egg production is to sperm production.
C) ovulation is to testes growth.
D) fertilization is to conception.
Page 11
Q5) Ad ______ arguments are the most difficult argument flaws to detect.
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Chapter 9: Moving into the Adult Social World:
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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177 Verified Questions
177 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is true?
A) There is a "lesbian gene"
B) Lesbian attraction to the same sex tends to occur later than gay male same-sex attraction
C) Gay males tend to reject things they classify as "feminine"
D) Interest in the same sex tends to occur much later in males
Q2) A major theme of most date rape prevention workshops is to A) establish good communication about sex.
B) avoid sexual relationships.
C) reestablish traditional sex roles.
D) never struggle as an attack is occurring.
Q3) Based on past research, one would predict that a strong association with American culture would have the most detrimental effects on the ethnic self-concept of A) Selena, who is Latino American.
B) Chang, who is Asian American.
C) Naomi, who is African American.
D) Ola, who is European American.
Q4) The first stage in Super's vocational choice theory is called _____.
Q5) According to Marcia, the highest level of identity status is _____.
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Chapter 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development
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193 Verified Questions
193 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which approach to diminishing binge drinking on college campuses appears to be least effective?
A) Student involvement in designing the intervention program
B) Programs that focus on younger drinkers
C) Changing the campus climate concerning alcohol consumption
D) Efforts based on limiting access to alcohol
Q2) Possible selves become more numerous and varied the older a person gets.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Gabriella often thinks of herself as a mother and dreams of herself as an actress, but is afraid she'll end up suffering from alcoholism. These are examples of A) stereotype threats.
B) possible selves.
C) reflective judgments.
D) life-span constructs.
Q4) Postformal thinking requires the acceptance of multiple solutions.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) Describe the concept of personal control beliefs, both primary and secondary.
Chapter 11: Being with Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sternberg's love component of commitment focuses on the mutual sharing of thoughts and actions with a partner.
A)True
B)False
Q2) O'Leary (1993) presents a continuum of aggressive behavior in abusive relationships anchored by ____ on one end and ____ on the other end.
A) physical aggression; verbal aggression
B) severe aggression; murder
C) verbal aggression; murder
D) physical aggression; murder
Q3) For most people, the decision to remain permanently single is A) made in the teenage years.
B) due to the untimely death of their "one true love."
C) driven by economic factors.
D) the result of gradual circumstances, not a lifestyle choice.
Q4) In the United States, men tend to remain single longer during young adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Marital ________ is an umbrella term referring to the marital outcome
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Chapter 12: Work and Leisure: Occupational and Lifestyle
Issues in Young and Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tim is in a terrible bind. He has promised his son that he would go to his concert but is now expected to meet a job candidate at the airport at the same time. Tim is experiencing
A) a glass ceiling.
B) occupational priorities.
C) career plateauing.
D) work-family conflict.
Q2) The new standard for determining sexual harassment is the "_____" standard.
A) role conflict
B) reasonable person
C) glass ceiling
D) comparable worth
Q3) Holland categorizes occupations using the dimensions of A) interpersonal settings and lifestyle.
B) lifestyle and income.
C) income and education level.
D) education level and interpersonal settings.
Q4) In the United States, _____-American males tend to perform the least amount of housework.
Q5) Denying an individual a promotion due to that person's age is called _____.
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Chapter 13: Making It in Midlife: The Biopsychosocial Challenges of Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is most likely to deal with an instrumental problem using a problem-focused strategy?
A) 10-year-old Buddy
B) 20-year-old Holly
C) 30-year-old Ray
D) 40-year-old Charles
Q2) Dr. Zorba is giving 44-year-old Annette an intelligence test. Annette finds that she really likes answering the questions because they seem to be based on her life experiences. Dr. Zorba is most likely attempting to assess Annette's
A) practical intelligence.
B) generativity.
C) ego resilience.
D) fluid intelligence.
Q3) Middle-aged adults simultaneously caring for children and parents are referred to as being in the _____ generation.
Q4) Costa and McCrae argue that personality traits undergo significant changes between young and old adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 14: The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues
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198 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Elijah asks his doctor how long he can plan to live without any major medical problems or impairments. Elijah is asking about _____ life expectancy. A) maximum B) useful C) average D) modal
Q2) The most common form of incapacitating respiratory disease among older adults is _____ disease.
Q3) People who study population trends are called _____.
Q4) Fifty-year-old Keith is informed by his doctor that his brain is showing signs of the initial development of neuritic plaques and a few neurofibrillary tangles. This is A) normal.
B) a definite indicator of Parkinson's disease.
C) a definite indicator of Alzheimer's disease.
D) a definite indicator of Huntington's disease.
Q5) What is the typical developmental progression of psychomotor speed in mid to later life? In what ways can this progression be changed, and what implications does it have to the real-life event of driving?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial,
Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Retirement always involves the loss of A) integrity.
B) maximum performance potential.
C) autonomy.
D) occupational identity.
Q2) Continuity theory is based on the premise that A) change is uncommon in adulthood.
B) daily problems are solved using strategies that have been successful in the past.
C) the maximum level of cognitive abilities is achieved in middle adulthood.
D) environmental demands decline with age.
Q3) The physical and social demands put on people are referred to as competence. A)True
B)False
Q4) Social contact motivated by information seeking tends to lead to A) stronger family ties.
B) meeting more people.
C) a preference for familiar people.
D) a more diverse social network.
Page 18
Q5) What is a life review? How is this related to achieving integrity?
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Chapter 16: The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) For most European Americans, _____ would be the best example of a mourning ritual.
A) being cremated
B) wearing black
C) having an open casket
D) writing a will
Q2) A chart showing the number of teens who died from homicide during the past year represents death as a(n)
A) statistic.
B) analogy.
C) boundary.
D) anxiety.
Q3) Which is not one of the components in the four-component model of the grieving process?
A) Context of the loss
B) Changing representations of the lost relationship over time
C) Continuation of subjective meaning associated with the loss
D) Loss-oriented stressors
Q4) _____ was the final stage in Kübler-Ross's original sequence model of dying.
Q5) Hospice is best thought of as an approach and not a physical place. Explain.
Page 19
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