Human Behavior
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive exploration of the complex factors that influence human behavior, drawing from psychology, sociology, biology, and anthropology. Students will examine the interplay between genetics, environment, cognition, emotion, and culture in shaping individual and group behaviors. Through analysis of key theories and current research, the course emphasizes understanding patterns of thought, motivation, development, personality, and social interaction across the lifespan. Practical applications to personal, social, and organizational contexts are also discussed, equipping students with the tools to better understand and predict human actions.
Recommended Textbook
Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz
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15 Chapters
1256 Verified Questions
1256 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Personality: What It Is and Why You Should Care
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of the personality research methods,_____ is a technique for determining the effect of one or more variables on behavior.
A) an experiment
B) a case study
C) a projective test
D) a clinical observation
Answer: A
Q2) In 1992,the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-A (MMPI-A)was developed for use with _____.
A) adults
B) adolescents
C) children
D) illiterates
Answer: B
Q3) Men are more often diagnosed with depression than are women.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once repression is operating,it is difficult to eliminate.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Freud's techniques of assessment:
A) exclude dreams of a sexual basis.
B) rely heavily on self-report inventories.
C) reveal a great deal of repressed material.
D) focus on conscious experiences.
Answer: C
Q3) Anna Freud is known for her theory of:
A) Freudian psychoanalysis.
B) id,ego,and superego identity.
C) ego psychology.
D) object relations.
Answer: C
Q4) The pleasure principle operates and functions primarily as part of the id.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Jung,transcendence is the:
A) struggle of environmental factors.
B) innate tendency toward unity or wholeness in the personality.
C) realization of the conscious.
D) understanding of the feminine side by a man.
Answer: B
Q2) Jung believed the full realization of the self lies in the _____.
A) future
B) past
C) personal unconscious
D) collective unconscious
Answer: A
Q3) According to Jung,all of the following are distinct aspects of the total personality except _____.
A) ego
B) collective conscious
C) personal unconscious
D) collective unconscious
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
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85 Verified Questions
85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) On which of the following themes was Adler's childhood largely based?
A) Inferiority feelings
B) The Oedipus complex
C) Castration anxiety
D) Anal conflicts
Q2) Adler disagreed with Freud about the value of dreams by being of the opinion that dreams fulfill wishes or reveal hidden conflicts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) On which of the following ideas proposed by Adler has research been conducted?
A) Inferiority feelings
B) Pampering and neglect during childhood
C) Early recollections
D) All of these are correct.
Q4) All motivation to strive and succeed comes from:
A) attempts to compensate for inferiorities.
B) the attempt to resolve sexual conflicts.
C) organic strengths.
D) the superiority complex.
Q5) Explain the concept of fictional finalism.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Karen Horney: Neurotic Needs and Trends
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82 Verified Questions
82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neurotic needs,as proposed by Horney,should become a cause for concern if a person:
A) manifests any of them,even in a transient sense.
B) is found to pursue one of them compulsively.
C) experiences more than three of them.
D) exhibits all of the neurotic needs.
Q2) According to Horney,a normal person differs from a neurotic in that a normal person:
A) experiences no conflict among the neurotic trends.
B) expresses all neurotic trends as circumstances warrant.
C) experiences only one of the neurotic trends.
D) shows complete absence of neurotic trends.
Q3) In Horney's view,the more afraid a child is of his or her parents,_____.
A) the more the child represses hostility
B) the lesser the child represses hostility
C) the lesser the child's guilt
D) the greater the child's guilt
Q4) Describe the change in Horney's attitude and behavior toward her parents after the age of eight.Mention how this affected her adult personality.
Q5) In the context of the idealized self-image,describe the tyranny of the shoulds.
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Chapter 6: Erik Erikson: Identity Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rather than just reflecting on the past,Erikson believed that older people must remain active,vital participants in life,while seeking challenge and stimulation from their environment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Erikson's theory of personality development involves a series of personal constructs and ego-idealizations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development,when trust or mistrust are the ways of coping,the most important body part is the:
A) anus.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) nose.
Q4) The preference for gender-based toys among children existed during the time of Erikson but is not prevalent today.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Gordon Allport: Motivation and Personality
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The personality theorist who helped bring personality into the mainstream and made it an academically respectable topic is:
A) Alfred Adler.
B) Raymond Cattell.
C) Gordon Allport.
D) Erich Fromm.
Q2) Allport considered personality to be _____.
A) continuous
B) discrete
C) invariant
D) random
Q3) According to Allport,the central problem for any personality theory is:
A) how it deals with the conflicts of childhood.
B) how it successfully resolves the identity crisis.
C) how it compensates for the complexes in humans.
D) how it treats the concept of motivation.
Q4) Central traits are so pervasive and influential that they touch almost every aspect of a person's life.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, The Five-Factor
Theory, Hexaco, and the Dark Triad
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about Cattell's approach to personality?
A) He relied on experimentation involving measurement of change of behavior against stimuli.
B) He was more inclined to change behavior from abnormal to normal.
C) His approach to personality was rigorously scientific.
D) His approach was clinical in nature and relied heavily on case studies.
Q2) During his formal training in psychology,Cattell worked with:
A) Charles E.Spearman.
B) Henry Murray.
C) B.F.Skinner.
D) Alfred Adler.
Q3) Cattell's aim was to treat the personality,not merely study it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Source traits are:
A) derived from surface traits.
B) basic factors of personality.
C) unstable and impermanent.
D) composed of several elements.
Q5) Describe the six personality factors of the HEXACO model of Ashton and Lee.
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Chapter 9: Abraham Maslow: Needs-Hierarchy Theory
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90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the self-determination theory?
A) It suggests that people are concerned with fulfilling their deficiency needs.
B) It states that people develop their capabilities and potentials primarily due to societal pressures.
C) It states that people are driven by extrinsic motivation.
D) It suggests that people have an innate tendency to express their interests and overcome challenges.
Q2) According to Maslow's research on emotionally healthy people,self-actualizers constitute _____ of the population.
A) 1 percent or less
B) about 11 percent
C) 50 percent or more
D) nearly 90 percent
Q3) According to Maslow's theory,metaneeds are states of being such as goodness,uniqueness,and perfection.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Contrast Maslow's hierarchy of needs and his theory of cognitive needs.
Q5) Discuss the criticisms of Maslow's theory.
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Chapter 10: Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization Theory
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify an application of Rogers's psychotherapy.
A) Enhancing the self-image
B) Dethroning the persona
C) Recognizing the anima archetype
D) All of these are correct.
Q2) According to Rogers,the way one sees the environment is:
A) highly objective.
B) objective in childhood but not in adulthood.
C) dependent on one's perception of it.
D) dependent on one's unconscious.
Q3) Rogers's childhood experiences involved:
A) suppression of all displays of emotion.
B) sexual conflicts.
C) living by his own values at an early age.
D) a hatred toward his father.
Q4) Rogers used psychological tests to assess his clients' personalities.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe how Rogers's philosophy of life developed during his trip to China.
Q6) Mention the characteristics of fully functioning persons,as described by Rogers.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: George Kelly: Personal Construct Theory
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The only valid test for a construct system is its:
A) unipolarity.
B) destructive interference.
C) predictive efficiency.
D) constructive interference.
Q2) Instead of being friendly,Jim continues to act in a hostile manner even when rebuffed for it.According to George Kelly,which of the following best explains Jim's persistent behavior?
A) Jim makes a low-risk choice of behaving in a hostile manner because he can predict how others will react to it.
B) Jim has never tried to be friendly,so he cannot predict how others are going to respond.
C) Jim is uncertain about changing his behavior even though the rewards for being friendly are potentially greater.
D) All of these are correct.
Q3) Kelly's personality theory is based on concepts such as the unconscious,the ego,needs,drives,stimuli and responses,and reinforcement.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Bfskinner: Reinforcement Theory
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84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Skinner's experiment with a rat,the _____ becomes the reinforcer for the behavior of depressing the bar.
A) electric shock
B) food
C) Skinner Box
D) experimenter
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of superstitious behavior?
A) It has a functional relation to the reinforcement received when the behavior is displayed.
B) It is learned quickly when the interval between reinforcements is long.
C) It is the result of a behavior being reinforced accidentally.
D) It persists for a very short time-less than an hour on average-in humans.
Q3) Skinner's term for voluntary,spontaneous behavior is:
A) respondent behavior.
B) operant behavior.
C) fixed behavior.
D) extinguishable behavior.
Q4) Operant behavior involves a response made or elicited by a specific stimulus.
A)True
B)False
14
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Chapter 13: Albert Bandura: Modeling Theory
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88 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Bandura's views,which of the following statements is true about the development of self-efficacy during childhood?
A) Self-efficacy develops completely by the time children cross their infancy.
B) Men with high self-efficacy are likely to have had more demanding mothers than fathers when they were children.
C) Children base the judgment of their abilities similarly irrespective of whether they have siblings or not.
D) Grouping children according to their abilities promotes the development of self-efficacy and self-confidence by arranging reachable goals.
Q2) In modeling,it is possible for individuals to acquire responses:
A) in the absence of other people.
B) that have never been performed or displayed before.
C) by the means of operant conditioning.
D) in the same way a rat learns to press the lever in the Skinner box.
Q3) The most influential source of efficacy judgments is performance attainment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the aspects of development of self-efficacy during childhood.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Facets of Personality: Taking Control, Taking Chances,
and Finding Happiness
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Schneewind,1995,those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n)_____ locus of control.
A) internal
B) external
C) reinforced
D) rational
Q2) In the context of studies on cultural differences,students from more collectivist cultures scored _____,while those students from individualistic cultures tended to score _____.
A) high in external locus of control; low in internal locus of control
B) high in external locus of control; high in internal locus of control
C) equally in external locus of control; high in external locus of control
D) low in external locus of control; equally in external locus of control
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of people who have an internal locus of control?
A) They believe that other people,fate,or luck control the rewards they receive.
B) They are less susceptible to attempts to influence them.
C) They see little value in exerting any effort to improve their situation.
D) They are convinced that they are powerless with respect to outside forces.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Personality in Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) A review of research between early childhood experiences and adult psychopathology showed that children who grew up to become depressed and anxious adults had:
A) authoritative parents.
B) inadequate parenting.
C) adventurous childhoods.
D) over-affectionate parents.
Q2) The developmental view of personality holds that _____ remain largely constant,while _____ are subject to change.
A) basic strengths; subliminal perceptions
B) subliminal perceptions; basic strengths
C) dispositional traits; conscious judgments
D) conscious judgments; dispositional traits
Q3) It was found that parents can both influence and reflect the behavior of children.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe Kelly's theory on cognitive factors.Elaborate the non-conscious and its method of assessment.
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